Summary EPD Report



Environmental Product Declaration for various ready mix concrete designs produced by Lafarge Canada Inc at their Maple Ridge facility in Britsh Columbia, Canada



Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration


Company Description

Lafarge aims to be the undisputed leader in building materials. Lafarge’s core values of respect, care, and excellence have accompanied our success for more than 170 years.

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://p3optima.com/ . This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for ready mix concrete published by NSF International (2019) and is a sub-PCR of International Standards Organization (ISO) 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil works - Core rules for EPDs of construction products and services; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business to business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Lafarge Canada Inc from their competition, thus generating an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Lafarge Canada Inc by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Lafarge Canada Inc’s license to operate in the community. Lafarge Canada Inc is committed to sustainable initiatives that measure and reduce their effect on the environment. The intended audience for this LCA report is Lafarge Canada Inc’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

Products covered by this EPD satisfy ready mix concrete as used in residential, commercial and public works applications in Canada. This EPD reports the impacts for different ready mix concrete products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

Table 1: Ready Mix Concrete materials and their associated standards/specifications
Portland Cement ASTM C150, AASHTO M 85 or CSA A3001
Blended Hydraulic Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Portland-limestone Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Performance-based Hydraulic Cement ASTM C1157
Fine Aggregate - natural sand ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Fine Aggregate - manufactured ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - natural gravel ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - crushed ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Lightweight Aggregates ASTM C330/C330M
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) - Fly Ash ASTM C618, AASHTO M 295, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Silica Fume ASTM C1240, CSA A3000
SCMs - Blast Furnace Slag Cement ASTM C989/C989M, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Natural Pozzolan ASTM C618, CSA A3000
Chemical Admixture - Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C/E
Chemical Admixture - Air Entraining Agent ASTM C260/C260M
Chemical Admixture - Hardening Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C
Chemical Admixture - Plasticizer & suerplasticizers ASTM C494/C494M Type F/G, ASTM C1017/C1017M
Chemical Admixture - Retarders ASTM C494/C494M Type B/D
Chemical Admixture - Water reducing/resisting ASTM C494/C494M Type A/B/D/E
Chemcial Admixture - Coloring ASTM C979/C979M
Chemical Admixture - Corrosion Inhibitors ASTM C494 Type C/E, ASTM C1582/C1582M
Fibers ASTM C1116
Pigments ASTM C979/C979M
Batch Water ASTM C1602

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a “cradle-to-gate” study, and therefore, stages extending beyond the plant gate are not included in this LCA. Excluded stages include transportation of the manufactured material to the construction site; on-site construction processes and components; building (infrastructure) use and maintenance; and “end-of-life” effects.

Ready Mix Concrete design summary

The following tables provide a list of the ready mix concrete designs considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 2: Declared products with Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
1 Mix1-20803 GU 15MPa Normal strength concrete 15.00 17.00 19.00 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
2 Mix2-61087 GU 15.1MPa Normal strength concrete 15.12 17.12 19.12 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
3 Mix3-16421 GU 15.2MPa Normal strength concrete 15.24 17.24 19.24 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
4 Mix4-90223 GU 15.4MPa Normal strength concrete 15.36 17.36 19.36 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
5 Mix5-36442 GU 15.5MPa Normal strength concrete 15.48 17.48 19.48 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
6 Mix6-68431 GU 15.6MPa Normal strength concrete 15.60 17.60 19.60 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
7 Mix7-70774 GU 15.7MPa Normal strength concrete 15.72 17.72 19.72 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
8 Mix8-74415 GU 15.8MPa Normal strength concrete 15.84 17.84 19.84 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
9 Mix9-52784 GU 16MPa Normal strength concrete 15.96 17.96 19.96 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
10 Mix10-50569 GU 16.1MPa Normal strength concrete 16.08 18.08 20.08 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
11 Mix11-92626 GU 16.2MPa Normal strength concrete 16.20 18.20 20.20 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
12 Mix12-83798 GU 16.3MPa Normal strength concrete 16.32 18.32 20.32 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
13 Mix13-71102 GU 16.4MPa Normal strength concrete 16.44 18.44 20.44 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
14 Mix14-52740 GU 16.6MPa Normal strength concrete 16.56 18.56 20.56 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
15 Mix15-51437 GU 16.7MPa Normal strength concrete 16.68 18.68 20.68 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
16 Mix16-72245 GU 16.8MPa Normal strength concrete 16.80 18.80 20.80 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
17 Mix17-88561 GU 16.9MPa Normal strength concrete 16.92 18.92 20.92 5 yes 0.4 F1 4 6
18 Mix18-20466 GU 17MPa Normal strength concrete 17.04 19.04 21.04 5 yes 0.4 F2 4 6
19 Mix19-10856 GU 17.2MPa Normal strength concrete 17.16 19.16 21.16 5 yes 0.4 F3 4 6
20 Mix20-33035 GU 17.3MPa Normal strength concrete 17.28 19.28 21.28 5 yes 0.4 F4 4 6
21 Mix21-98409 GU 17.4MPa Normal strength concrete 17.40 19.40 21.40 5 yes 0.4 F5 4 6
22 Mix22-32509 GU 17.5MPa Normal strength concrete 17.52 19.52 21.52 5 yes 0.4 F6 4 6
23 Mix23-64468 GU 17.6MPa Normal strength concrete 17.64 19.64 21.64 5 yes 0.4 F7 4 6
24 Mix24-74518 GU 17.8MPa Normal strength concrete 17.76 19.76 21.76 5 yes 0.4 F8 4 6
25 Mix25-73775 GU 17.9MPa Normal strength concrete 17.88 19.88 21.88 5 yes 0.4 F9 4 6
26 Mix26-17494 GU 18MPa Normal strength concrete 18.00 20.00 22.00 5 yes 0.4 F10 4 6
27 Mix27-87910 GU 18.1MPa Normal strength concrete 18.12 20.12 22.12 5 yes 0.4 F11 4 6
28 Mix28-43369 GU 18.2MPa Normal strength concrete 18.24 20.24 22.24 5 yes 0.4 F12 4 6
29 Mix29-74921 GU 18.4MPa Normal strength concrete 18.36 20.36 22.36 5 yes 0.4 F13 4 6
30 Mix30-67663 GU 18.5MPa Normal strength concrete 18.48 20.48 22.48 5 yes 0.4 F14 4 6
31 Mix31-58656 GU 18.6MPa Normal strength concrete 18.60 20.60 22.60 5 yes 0.4 F15 4 6
32 Mix32-39530 GU 18.7MPa Normal strength concrete 18.72 20.72 22.72 5 yes 0.4 F16 4 6
33 Mix33-93953 GU 18.8MPa Normal strength concrete 18.84 20.84 22.84 5 yes 0.4 F17 4 6
34 Mix34-33970 GU 19MPa Normal strength concrete 18.96 20.96 22.96 5 yes 0.4 F18 4 6
35 Mix35-22777 GU 19.1MPa Normal strength concrete 19.08 21.08 23.08 5 yes 0.4 F19 4 6
36 Mix36-97911 GU 19.2MPa Normal strength concrete 19.20 21.20 23.20 5 yes 0.4 F20 4 6
37 Mix37-55474 GU 19.3MPa Normal strength concrete 19.32 21.32 23.32 5 yes 0.4 F21 4 6
38 Mix38-60372 GU 19.4MPa Normal strength concrete 19.44 21.44 23.44 5 yes 0.4 F22 4 6
39 Mix39-21382 GU 19.6MPa Normal strength concrete 19.56 21.56 23.56 5 yes 0.4 F23 4 6
40 Mix40-50670 GU 19.7MPa Normal strength concrete 19.68 21.68 23.68 5 yes 0.4 F24 4 6
41 Mix41-96417 GU 19.8MPa Normal strength concrete 19.80 21.80 23.80 5 yes 0.4 F25 4 6
42 Mix42-31573 GU 19.9MPa Normal strength concrete 19.92 21.92 23.92 5 yes 0.4 F26 4 6

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 3: Declared products with Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
43 Mix43-18107 GU 20MPa Normal strength concrete 20.04 22.04 24.04 5 yes 0.4 F27 4 6
44 Mix44-40462 GU 20.2MPa Normal strength concrete 20.16 22.16 24.16 5 yes 0.4 F28 4 6
45 Mix45-33394 GU 20.3MPa Normal strength concrete 20.28 22.28 24.28 5 yes 0.4 F29 4 6
46 Mix46-57700 GU 20.4MPa Normal strength concrete 20.40 22.40 24.40 5 yes 0.4 F30 4 6
47 Mix47-73042 GU 20.5MPa Normal strength concrete 20.52 22.52 24.52 5 yes 0.4 F31 4 6
48 Mix48-39438 GU 20.6MPa Normal strength concrete 20.64 22.64 24.64 5 yes 0.4 F32 4 6
49 Mix49-11306 GU 20.8MPa Normal strength concrete 20.76 22.76 24.76 5 yes 0.4 F33 4 6
50 Mix50-81430 GU 20.9MPa Normal strength concrete 20.88 22.88 24.88 5 yes 0.4 F34 4 6
51 Mix51-67749 GU 21MPa Normal strength concrete 21.00 23.00 25.00 5 yes 0.4 F35 4 6
52 Mix52-60969 GU 21.1MPa Normal strength concrete 21.12 23.12 25.12 5 yes 0.4 F36 4 6
53 Mix53-12647 GU 21.2MPa Normal strength concrete 21.24 23.24 25.24 5 yes 0.4 F37 4 6
54 Mix54-37964 GU 21.4MPa Normal strength concrete 21.36 23.36 25.36 5 yes 0.4 F38 4 6
55 Mix55-70693 GU 21.5MPa Normal strength concrete 21.48 23.48 25.48 5 yes 0.4 F39 4 6
56 Mix56-11079 GU 21.6MPa Normal strength concrete 21.60 23.60 25.60 5 yes 0.4 F40 4 6
57 Mix57-32997 GU 21.7MPa Normal strength concrete 21.72 23.72 25.72 5 yes 0.4 F41 4 6
58 Mix58-35878 GU 21.8MPa Normal strength concrete 21.84 23.84 25.84 5 yes 0.4 F42 4 6
59 Mix59-12293 GU 22MPa Normal strength concrete 21.96 23.96 25.96 5 yes 0.4 F43 4 6
60 Mix60-24391 GU 22.1MPa Normal strength concrete 22.08 24.08 26.08 5 yes 0.4 F44 4 6
61 Mix61-84487 GU 22.2MPa Normal strength concrete 22.20 24.20 26.20 5 yes 0.4 F45 4 6
62 Mix62-47376 GU 22.3MPa Normal strength concrete 22.32 24.32 26.32 5 yes 0.4 F46 4 6
63 Mix63-74086 GU 22.4MPa Normal strength concrete 22.44 24.44 26.44 5 yes 0.4 F47 4 6
64 Mix64-25042 GU 22.6MPa Normal strength concrete 22.56 24.56 26.56 5 yes 0.4 F48 4 6
65 Mix65-35731 GU 22.7MPa Normal strength concrete 22.68 24.68 26.68 5 yes 0.4 F49 4 6
66 Mix66-59766 GU 22.8MPa Normal strength concrete 22.80 24.80 26.80 5 yes 0.4 F50 4 6
67 Mix67-17016 GU 22.9MPa Normal strength concrete 22.92 24.92 26.92 5 yes 0.4 F51 4 6
68 Mix68-56438 GU 23MPa Normal strength concrete 23.04 25.04 27.04 5 yes 0.4 F52 4 6
69 Mix69-33624 GU 23.2MPa Normal strength concrete 23.16 25.16 27.16 5 yes 0.4 F53 4 6
70 Mix70-46076 GU 23.3MPa Normal strength concrete 23.28 25.28 27.28 5 yes 0.4 F54 4 6
71 Mix71-79755 GU 23.4MPa Normal strength concrete 23.40 25.40 27.40 5 yes 0.4 F55 4 6
72 Mix72-15008 GU 23.5MPa Normal strength concrete 23.52 25.52 27.52 5 yes 0.4 F56 4 6
73 Mix73-89718 GU 23.6MPa Normal strength concrete 23.64 25.64 27.64 5 yes 0.4 F57 4 6
74 Mix74-41632 GU 23.8MPa Normal strength concrete 23.76 25.76 27.76 5 yes 0.4 F58 4 6
75 Mix75-69145 GU 23.9MPa Normal strength concrete 23.88 25.88 27.88 5 yes 0.4 F59 4 6
76 Mix76-52185 GU 24MPa Normal strength concrete 24.00 26.00 28.00 5 yes 0.4 F60 4 6
77 Mix77-91466 GU 24.1MPa Normal strength concrete 24.12 26.12 28.12 5 yes 0.4 F61 4 6
78 Mix78-15178 GU 24.2MPa Normal strength concrete 24.24 26.24 28.24 5 yes 0.4 F62 4 6
79 Mix79-61313 GU 24.4MPa Normal strength concrete 24.36 26.36 28.36 5 yes 0.4 F63 4 6
80 Mix80-95701 GU 24.5MPa Normal strength concrete 24.48 26.48 28.48 5 yes 0.4 F64 4 6
81 Mix81-16514 GU 24.6MPa Normal strength concrete 24.60 26.60 28.60 5 yes 0.4 F65 4 6
82 Mix82-67623 GU 24.7MPa Normal strength concrete 24.72 26.72 28.72 5 yes 0.4 F66 4 6
83 Mix83-83867 GU 24.8MPa Normal strength concrete 24.84 26.84 28.84 5 yes 0.4 F67 4 6
84 Mix84-26021 GU 25MPa Normal strength concrete 24.96 26.96 28.96 5 yes 0.4 F68 4 6

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 4: Declared products with Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
85 Mix85-66456 GU 25.1MPa Normal strength concrete 25.08 27.08 29.08 5 yes 0.4 F69 4 6
86 Mix86-88894 GU 25.2MPa Normal strength concrete 25.20 27.20 29.20 5 yes 0.4 F70 4 6
87 Mix87-26645 GU 25.3MPa Normal strength concrete 25.32 27.32 29.32 5 yes 0.4 F71 4 6
88 Mix88-46215 GU 25.4MPa Normal strength concrete 25.44 27.44 29.44 5 yes 0.4 F72 4 6
89 Mix89-84963 GU 25.6MPa Normal strength concrete 25.56 27.56 29.56 5 yes 0.4 F73 4 6
90 Mix90-23493 GU 25.7MPa Normal strength concrete 25.68 27.68 29.68 5 yes 0.4 F74 4 6
91 Mix91-70979 GU 25.8MPa Normal strength concrete 25.80 27.80 29.80 5 yes 0.4 F75 4 6
92 Mix92-93909 GU 25.9MPa Normal strength concrete 25.92 27.92 29.92 5 yes 0.4 F76 4 6
93 Mix93-44063 GU 26MPa Normal strength concrete 26.04 28.04 30.04 5 yes 0.4 F77 4 6
94 Mix94-48376 GU 26.2MPa Normal strength concrete 26.16 28.16 30.16 5 yes 0.4 F78 4 6
95 Mix95-95126 GU 26.3MPa Normal strength concrete 26.28 28.28 30.28 5 yes 0.4 F79 4 6
96 Mix96-12082 GU 26.4MPa Normal strength concrete 26.40 28.40 30.40 5 yes 0.4 F80 4 6
97 Mix97-21487 GU 26.5MPa Normal strength concrete 26.52 28.52 30.52 5 yes 0.4 F81 4 6
98 Mix98-12547 GU 26.6MPa Normal strength concrete 26.64 28.64 30.64 5 yes 0.4 F82 4 6
99 Mix99-16607 GU 26.8MPa Normal strength concrete 26.76 28.76 30.76 5 yes 0.4 F83 4 6
100 Mix100-71437 GU 26.9MPa Normal strength concrete 26.88 28.88 30.88 5 yes 0.4 F84 4 6
101 Mix101-21447 GU 27MPa Normal strength concrete 27.00 29.00 31.00 5 yes 0.4 F85 4 6
102 Mix102-56346 GU 27.1MPa Normal strength concrete 27.12 29.12 31.12 5 yes 0.4 F86 4 6
103 Mix103-80564 GU 27.2MPa Normal strength concrete 27.24 29.24 31.24 5 yes 0.4 F87 4 6
104 Mix104-80806 GU 27.4MPa Normal strength concrete 27.36 29.36 31.36 5 yes 0.4 F88 4 6
105 Mix105-11020 GU 27.5MPa Normal strength concrete 27.48 29.48 31.48 5 yes 0.4 F89 4 6
106 Mix106-59869 GU 27.6MPa Normal strength concrete 27.60 29.60 31.60 5 yes 0.4 F90 4 6
107 Mix107-56902 GU 27.7MPa Normal strength concrete 27.72 29.72 31.72 5 yes 0.4 F91 4 6
108 Mix108-43650 GU 27.8MPa Normal strength concrete 27.84 29.84 31.84 5 yes 0.4 F92 4 6
109 Mix109-94356 GU 28MPa Normal strength concrete 27.96 29.96 31.96 5 yes 0.4 F93 4 6
110 Mix110-34135 GU 28.1MPa Normal strength concrete 28.08 30.08 32.08 5 yes 0.4 F94 4 6
111 Mix111-68008 GU 28.2MPa Normal strength concrete 28.20 30.20 32.20 5 yes 0.4 F95 4 6
112 Mix112-98093 GU 28.3MPa Normal strength concrete 28.32 30.32 32.32 5 yes 0.4 F96 4 6
113 Mix113-97371 GU 28.4MPa Normal strength concrete 28.44 30.44 32.44 5 yes 0.4 F97 4 6
114 Mix114-25697 GU 28.6MPa Normal strength concrete 28.56 30.56 32.56 5 yes 0.4 F98 4 6
115 Mix115-13127 GU 28.7MPa Normal strength concrete 28.68 30.68 32.68 5 yes 0.4 F99 4 6
116 Mix116-45108 GU 28.8MPa Normal strength concrete 28.80 30.80 32.80 5 yes 0.4 F100 4 6
117 Mix117-46274 GU 28.9MPa Normal strength concrete 28.92 30.92 32.92 5 yes 0.4 F101 4 6
118 Mix118-55228 GU 29MPa Normal strength concrete 29.04 31.04 33.04 5 yes 0.4 F102 4 6
119 Mix119-75092 GU 29.2MPa Normal strength concrete 29.16 31.16 33.16 5 yes 0.4 F103 4 6
120 Mix120-34502 GU 29.3MPa Normal strength concrete 29.28 31.28 33.28 5 yes 0.4 F104 4 6
121 Mix121-84301 GU 29.4MPa Normal strength concrete 29.40 31.40 33.40 5 yes 0.4 F105 4 6
122 Mix122-43283 GU 29.5MPa Normal strength concrete 29.52 31.52 33.52 5 yes 0.4 F106 4 6
123 Mix123-80054 GU 29.6MPa Normal strength concrete 29.64 31.64 33.64 5 yes 0.4 F107 4 6
124 Mix124-71178 GU 29.8MPa Normal strength concrete 29.76 31.76 33.76 5 yes 0.4 F108 4 6
125 Mix125-92381 GU 29.9MPa Normal strength concrete 29.88 31.88 33.88 5 yes 0.4 F109 4 6

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 5: Declared products with Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
126 Mix126-11912 GU 30MPa Normal strength concrete 30.00 32.00 34.00 5 yes 0.4 F110 4 6
127 Mix127-61082 GU 30.1MPa Normal strength concrete 30.12 32.12 34.12 5 yes 0.4 F111 4 6
128 Mix128-64739 GU 30.2MPa Normal strength concrete 30.24 32.24 34.24 5 yes 0.4 F112 4 6
129 Mix129-81109 GU 30.4MPa Normal strength concrete 30.36 32.36 34.36 5 yes 0.4 F113 4 6
130 Mix130-19104 GU 30.5MPa Normal strength concrete 30.48 32.48 34.48 5 yes 0.4 F114 4 6
131 Mix131-72076 GU 30.6MPa Normal strength concrete 30.60 32.60 34.60 5 yes 0.4 F115 4 6
132 Mix132-44021 GU 30.7MPa Normal strength concrete 30.72 32.72 34.72 5 yes 0.4 F116 4 6
133 Mix133-53338 GU 30.8MPa Normal strength concrete 30.84 32.84 34.84 5 yes 0.4 F117 4 6
134 Mix134-74129 GU 31MPa Normal strength concrete 30.96 32.96 34.96 5 yes 0.4 F118 4 6
135 Mix135-39288 GU 31.1MPa Normal strength concrete 31.08 33.08 35.08 5 yes 0.4 F119 4 6
136 Mix136-84327 GU 31.2MPa Normal strength concrete 31.20 33.20 35.20 5 yes 0.4 F120 4 6
137 Mix137-59020 GU 31.3MPa Normal strength concrete 31.32 33.32 35.32 5 yes 0.4 F121 4 6
138 Mix138-85767 GU 31.4MPa Normal strength concrete 31.44 33.44 35.44 5 yes 0.4 F122 4 6
139 Mix139-53957 GU 31.6MPa Normal strength concrete 31.56 33.56 35.56 5 yes 0.4 F123 4 6
140 Mix140-99255 GU 31.7MPa Normal strength concrete 31.68 33.68 35.68 5 yes 0.4 F124 4 6
141 Mix141-16468 GU 31.8MPa Normal strength concrete 31.80 33.80 35.80 5 yes 0.4 F125 4 6
142 Mix142-62148 GU 31.9MPa Normal strength concrete 31.92 33.92 35.92 5 yes 0.4 F126 4 6
143 Mix143-71006 GU 32MPa Normal strength concrete 32.04 34.04 36.04 5 yes 0.4 F127 4 6
144 Mix144-30881 GU 32.2MPa Normal strength concrete 32.16 34.16 36.16 5 yes 0.4 F128 4 6
145 Mix145-47154 GU 32.3MPa Normal strength concrete 32.28 34.28 36.28 5 yes 0.4 F129 4 6
146 Mix146-50459 GU 32.4MPa Normal strength concrete 32.40 34.40 36.40 5 yes 0.4 F130 4 6
147 Mix147-75631 GU 32.5MPa Normal strength concrete 32.52 34.52 36.52 5 yes 0.4 F131 4 6
148 Mix148-51759 GU 32.6MPa Normal strength concrete 32.64 34.64 36.64 5 yes 0.4 F132 4 6
149 Mix149-74338 GU 32.8MPa Normal strength concrete 32.76 34.76 36.76 5 yes 0.4 F133 4 6
150 Mix150-17134 GU 32.9MPa Normal strength concrete 32.88 34.88 36.88 5 yes 0.4 F134 4 6
151 Mix151-31648 GU 33MPa Normal strength concrete 33.00 35.00 37.00 5 yes 0.4 F135 4 6
152 Mix152-59698 GU 33.1MPa Normal strength concrete 33.12 35.12 37.12 5 yes 0.4 F136 4 6
153 Mix153-99366 GU 33.2MPa Normal strength concrete 33.24 35.24 37.24 5 yes 0.4 F137 4 6
154 Mix154-44301 GU 33.4MPa Normal strength concrete 33.36 35.36 37.36 5 yes 0.4 F138 4 6
155 Mix155-82963 GU 33.5MPa Normal strength concrete 33.48 35.48 37.48 5 yes 0.4 F139 4 6
156 Mix156-71621 GU 33.6MPa Normal strength concrete 33.60 35.60 37.60 5 yes 0.4 F140 4 6
157 Mix157-83308 GU 33.7MPa Normal strength concrete 33.72 35.72 37.72 5 yes 0.4 F141 4 6
158 Mix158-46245 GU 33.8MPa Normal strength concrete 33.84 35.84 37.84 5 yes 0.4 F142 4 6
159 Mix159-52236 GU 34MPa Normal strength concrete 33.96 35.96 37.96 5 yes 0.4 F143 4 6
160 Mix160-95917 GU 34.1MPa Normal strength concrete 34.08 36.08 38.08 5 yes 0.4 F144 4 6
161 Mix161-85757 GU 34.2MPa Normal strength concrete 34.20 36.20 38.20 5 yes 0.4 F145 4 6
162 Mix162-10447 GU 34.3MPa Normal strength concrete 34.32 36.32 38.32 5 yes 0.4 F146 4 6
163 Mix163-18882 GU 34.4MPa Normal strength concrete 34.44 36.44 38.44 5 yes 0.4 F147 4 6
164 Mix164-33678 GU 34.6MPa Normal strength concrete 34.56 36.56 38.56 5 yes 0.4 F148 4 6
165 Mix165-47073 GU 34.7MPa Normal strength concrete 34.68 36.68 38.68 5 yes 0.4 F149 4 6
166 Mix166-61327 GU 34.8MPa Normal strength concrete 34.80 36.80 38.80 5 yes 0.4 F150 4 6
167 Mix167-41911 GU 34.9MPa Normal strength concrete 34.92 36.92 38.92 5 yes 0.4 F151 4 6

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 6: Declared products with Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
168 Mix168-17939 GU 35MPa Normal strength concrete 35.04 37.04 39.04 5 yes 0.4 F152 4 6
169 Mix169-15133 GU 35.2MPa Normal strength concrete 35.16 37.16 39.16 5 yes 0.4 F153 4 6
170 Mix170-11289 GU 35.3MPa Normal strength concrete 35.28 37.28 39.28 5 yes 0.4 F154 4 6
171 Mix171-61810 GU 35.4MPa Normal strength concrete 35.40 37.40 39.40 5 yes 0.4 F155 4 6
172 Mix172-66639 GU 35.5MPa Normal strength concrete 35.52 37.52 39.52 5 yes 0.4 F156 4 6
173 Mix173-42738 GU 35.6MPa Normal strength concrete 35.64 37.64 39.64 5 yes 0.4 F157 4 6
174 Mix174-52837 GU 35.8MPa Normal strength concrete 35.76 37.76 39.76 5 yes 0.4 F158 4 6
175 Mix175-49631 GU 35.9MPa Normal strength concrete 35.88 37.88 39.88 5 yes 0.4 F159 4 6
176 Mix176-39375 GU 36MPa Normal strength concrete 36.00 38.00 40.00 5 yes 0.4 F160 4 6
177 Mix177-87211 GU 36.1MPa Normal strength concrete 36.12 38.12 40.12 5 yes 0.4 F161 4 6
178 Mix178-27617 GU 36.2MPa Normal strength concrete 36.24 38.24 40.24 5 yes 0.4 F162 4 6
179 Mix179-70796 GU 36.4MPa Normal strength concrete 36.36 38.36 40.36 5 yes 0.4 F163 4 6
180 Mix180-80269 GU 36.5MPa Normal strength concrete 36.48 38.48 40.48 5 yes 0.4 F164 4 6
181 Mix181-69471 GU 36.6MPa Normal strength concrete 36.60 38.60 40.60 5 yes 0.4 F165 4 6
182 Mix182-33075 GU 36.7MPa Normal strength concrete 36.72 38.72 40.72 5 yes 0.4 F166 4 6
183 Mix183-95717 GU 36.8MPa Normal strength concrete 36.84 38.84 40.84 5 yes 0.4 F167 4 6
184 Mix184-69207 GU 37MPa Normal strength concrete 36.96 38.96 40.96 5 yes 0.4 F168 4 6
185 Mix185-55846 GU 37.1MPa Normal strength concrete 37.08 39.08 41.08 5 yes 0.4 F169 4 6
186 Mix-15076 GU 37.2MPa Normal strength concrete 37.20 39.20 41.20 5 yes 0.4 F170 4 6
187 Mix-29267 GU 37.3MPa Normal strength concrete 37.32 39.32 41.32 5 yes 0.4 F171 4 6
188 Mix-31602 GU 37.4MPa Normal strength concrete 37.44 39.44 41.44 5 yes 0.4 F172 4 6
189 Mix-42264 GU 37.6MPa Normal strength concrete 37.56 39.56 41.56 5 yes 0.4 F173 4 6
190 Mix-65339 GU 37.7MPa Normal strength concrete 37.68 39.68 41.68 5 yes 0.4 F174 4 6
191 Mix-16412 GU 37.8MPa Normal strength concrete 37.80 39.80 41.80 5 yes 0.4 F175 4 6
192 Mix-92421 GU 37.9MPa Normal strength concrete 37.92 39.92 41.92 5 yes 0.4 F176 4 6
193 Mix-27089 GU 38MPa Normal strength concrete 38.04 40.04 42.04 5 yes 0.4 F177 4 6
194 Mix-15793 GU 38.2MPa Normal strength concrete 38.16 40.16 42.16 5 yes 0.4 F178 4 6
195 Mix-61808 GU 38.3MPa Normal strength concrete 38.28 40.28 42.28 5 yes 0.4 F179 4 6
196 Mix-13670 GU 38.4MPa Normal strength concrete 38.40 40.40 42.40 5 yes 0.4 F180 4 6
197 Mix-85847 GU 38.5MPa Normal strength concrete 38.52 40.52 42.52 5 yes 0.4 F181 4 6
198 Mix-98102 GU 38.6MPa Normal strength concrete 38.64 40.64 42.64 5 yes 0.4 F182 4 6
199 Mix-67118 GU 38.8MPa Normal strength concrete 38.76 40.76 42.76 5 yes 0.4 F183 4 6
200 Mix-35825 GU 38.9MPa Normal strength concrete 38.88 40.88 42.88 5 yes 0.4 F184 4 6
201 Mix-68346 GU 39MPa Normal strength concrete 39.00 41.00 43.00 5 yes 0.4 F185 4 6
202 Mix-55499 GU 39.1MPa Normal strength concrete 39.12 41.12 43.12 5 yes 0.4 F186 4 6
203 Mix-60897 GU 39.2MPa Normal strength concrete 39.24 41.24 43.24 5 yes 0.4 F187 4 6
204 Mix-82711 GU 39.4MPa Normal strength concrete 39.36 41.36 43.36 5 yes 0.4 F188 4 6
205 Mix-46298 GU 39.5MPa Normal strength concrete 39.48 41.48 43.48 5 yes 0.4 F189 4 6
206 Mix-65801 GU 39.6MPa Normal strength concrete 39.60 41.60 43.60 5 yes 0.4 F190 4 6
207 Mix-82474 GU 39.7MPa Normal strength concrete 39.72 41.72 43.72 5 yes 0.4 F191 4 6
208 Mix-36274 GU 39.8MPa Normal strength concrete 39.84 41.84 43.84 5 yes 0.4 F192 4 6
209 Mix-77442 GU 40MPa Normal strength concrete 39.96 41.96 43.96 5 yes 0.4 F193 4 6

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 7: Declared products with Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
210 Mix-29023 GU 40.1MPa Normal strength concrete 40.08 42.08 44.08 5 yes 0.4 F194 4 6
211 Mix-62992 GU 40.2MPa Normal strength concrete 40.20 42.20 44.20 5 yes 0.4 F195 4 6
212 Mix-32348 GU 40.3MPa Normal strength concrete 40.32 42.32 44.32 5 yes 0.4 F196 4 6
213 Mix-40378 GU 40.4MPa Normal strength concrete 40.44 42.44 44.44 5 yes 0.4 F197 4 6
214 Mix-20361 GU 40.6MPa Normal strength concrete 40.56 42.56 44.56 5 yes 0.4 F198 4 6
215 Mix-53940 GU 40.7MPa Normal strength concrete 40.68 42.68 44.68 5 yes 0.4 F199 4 6
216 Mix-71041 GU 40.8MPa Normal strength concrete 40.80 42.80 44.80 5 yes 0.4 F200 4 6
217 Mix-32865 GU 40.9MPa Normal strength concrete 40.92 42.92 44.92 5 yes 0.4 F201 4 6
218 Mix-69485 GU 41MPa Normal strength concrete 41.04 43.04 45.04 5 yes 0.4 F202 4 6
219 Mix-15904 GU 41.2MPa Normal strength concrete 41.16 43.16 45.16 5 yes 0.4 F203 4 6
220 Mix-65705 GU 41.3MPa Normal strength concrete 41.28 43.28 45.28 5 yes 0.4 F204 4 6
221 Mix-15136 GU 41.4MPa Normal strength concrete 41.40 43.40 45.40 5 yes 0.4 F205 4 6
222 Mix-80037 GU 41.5MPa Normal strength concrete 41.52 43.52 45.52 5 yes 0.4 F206 4 6
223 Mix-58049 GU 41.6MPa Normal strength concrete 41.64 43.64 45.64 5 yes 0.4 F207 4 6
224 Mix-92548 GU 41.8MPa Normal strength concrete 41.76 43.76 45.76 5 yes 0.4 F208 4 6
225 Mix-48989 GU 41.9MPa Normal strength concrete 41.88 43.88 45.88 5 yes 0.4 F209 4 6
226 Mix-29065 GU 42MPa Normal strength concrete 42.00 44.00 46.00 5 yes 0.4 F210 4 6
227 Mix-31847 GU 42.1MPa Normal strength concrete 42.12 44.12 46.12 5 yes 0.4 F211 4 6
228 Mix-98941 GU 42.2MPa Normal strength concrete 42.24 44.24 46.24 5 yes 0.4 F212 4 6
229 Mix-92820 GU 42.4MPa Normal strength concrete 42.36 44.36 46.36 5 yes 0.4 F213 4 6
230 Mix-94682 GU 42.5MPa Normal strength concrete 42.48 44.48 46.48 5 yes 0.4 F214 4 6
231 Mix-10995 GU 42.6MPa Normal strength concrete 42.60 44.60 46.60 5 yes 0.4 F215 4 6
232 Mix-32193 GU 42.7MPa Normal strength concrete 42.72 44.72 46.72 5 yes 0.4 F216 4 6
233 Mix-42569 GU 42.8MPa Normal strength concrete 42.84 44.84 46.84 5 yes 0.4 F217 4 6
234 Mix-51678 GU 43MPa Normal strength concrete 42.96 44.96 46.96 5 yes 0.4 F218 4 6
235 Mix-83098 GU 43.1MPa Normal strength concrete 43.08 45.08 47.08 5 yes 0.4 F219 4 6
236 Mix-42171 GU 43.2MPa Normal strength concrete 43.20 45.20 47.20 5 yes 0.4 F220 4 6
237 Mix-78645 GU 43.3MPa Normal strength concrete 43.32 45.32 47.32 5 yes 0.4 F221 4 6
238 Mix-29048 GU 43.4MPa Normal strength concrete 43.44 45.44 47.44 5 yes 0.4 F222 4 6
239 Mix-17717 GU 43.6MPa Normal strength concrete 43.56 45.56 47.56 5 yes 0.4 F223 4 6
240 Mix-50496 GU 43.7MPa Normal strength concrete 43.68 45.68 47.68 5 yes 0.4 F224 4 6
241 Mix-99274 GU 43.8MPa Normal strength concrete 43.80 45.80 47.80 5 yes 0.4 F225 4 6
242 Mix-10417 GU 43.9MPa Normal strength concrete 43.92 45.92 47.92 5 yes 0.4 F226 4 6
243 Mix-99676 GU 44MPa Normal strength concrete 44.04 46.04 48.04 5 yes 0.4 F227 4 6
244 Mix-96269 GU 44.2MPa Normal strength concrete 44.16 46.16 48.16 5 yes 0.4 F228 4 6
245 Mix-41434 GU 44.3MPa Normal strength concrete 44.28 46.28 48.28 5 yes 0.4 F229 4 6
246 Mix-18215 GU 44.4MPa Normal strength concrete 44.40 46.40 48.40 5 yes 0.4 F230 4 6
247 Mix-36146 GU 44.5MPa Normal strength concrete 44.52 46.52 48.52 5 yes 0.4 F231 4 6
248 Mix-83287 GU 44.6MPa Normal strength concrete 44.64 46.64 48.64 5 yes 0.4 F232 4 6
249 Mix-41583 GU 44.8MPa Normal strength concrete 44.76 46.76 48.76 5 yes 0.4 F233 4 6
250 Mix-15117 GU 44.9MPa Normal strength concrete 44.88 46.88 48.88 5 yes 0.4 F234 4 6
251 Mix-10948 GU 45MPa Normal strength concrete 45.00 47.00 49.00 5 yes 0.4 F235 4 6

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 8: Declared products with Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
252 Mix-36504 GU 45.1MPa Normal strength concrete 45.12 47.12 49.12 5 yes 0.4 F236 4 6
253 Mix-29695 GU 45.2MPa Normal strength concrete 45.24 47.24 49.24 5 yes 0.4 F237 4 6
254 Mix-61742 GU 45.4MPa Normal strength concrete 45.36 47.36 49.36 5 yes 0.4 F238 4 6
255 Mix-29775 GU 45.5MPa Normal strength concrete 45.48 47.48 49.48 5 yes 0.4 F239 4 6
256 Mix-96173 GU 45.6MPa Normal strength concrete 45.60 47.60 49.60 5 yes 0.4 F240 4 6
257 Mix-51799 GU 45.7MPa Normal strength concrete 45.72 47.72 49.72 5 yes 0.4 F241 4 6
258 Mix-77882 GU 45.8MPa Normal strength concrete 45.84 47.84 49.84 5 yes 0.4 F242 4 6
259 Mix-15578 GU 46MPa Normal strength concrete 45.96 47.96 49.96 5 yes 0.4 F243 4 6
260 Mix-76509 GU 46.1MPa Normal strength concrete 46.08 48.08 50.08 5 yes 0.4 F244 4 6
261 Mix-68155 GU 46.2MPa Normal strength concrete 46.20 48.20 50.20 5 yes 0.4 F245 4 6
262 Mix-65667 GU 46.3MPa Normal strength concrete 46.32 48.32 50.32 5 yes 0.4 F246 4 6
263 Mix-94224 GU 46.4MPa Normal strength concrete 46.44 48.44 50.44 5 yes 0.4 F247 4 6
264 Mix-51996 GU 46.6MPa Normal strength concrete 46.56 48.56 50.56 5 yes 0.4 F248 4 6
265 Mix-86490 GU 46.7MPa Normal strength concrete 46.68 48.68 50.68 5 yes 0.4 F249 4 6
266 Mix-16943 GU 46.8MPa Normal strength concrete 46.80 48.80 50.80 5 yes 0.4 F250 4 6
267 Mix-36746 GU 46.9MPa Normal strength concrete 46.92 48.92 50.92 5 yes 0.4 F251 4 6
268 Mix-78540 GU 47MPa Normal strength concrete 47.04 49.04 51.04 5 yes 0.4 F252 4 6
269 Mix-72304 GU 47.2MPa Normal strength concrete 47.16 49.16 51.16 5 yes 0.4 F253 4 6
270 Mix-63926 GU 47.3MPa Normal strength concrete 47.28 49.28 51.28 5 yes 0.4 F254 4 6
271 Mix-65953 GU 47.4MPa Normal strength concrete 47.40 49.40 51.40 5 yes 0.4 F255 4 6
272 Mix-58518 GU 47.5MPa Normal strength concrete 47.52 49.52 51.52 5 yes 0.4 F256 4 6
273 Mix-71142 GU 47.6MPa Normal strength concrete 47.64 49.64 51.64 5 yes 0.4 F257 4 6
274 Mix-71674 GU 47.8MPa Normal strength concrete 47.76 49.76 51.76 5 yes 0.4 F258 4 6
275 Mix-42026 GU 47.9MPa Normal strength concrete 47.88 49.88 51.88 5 yes 0.4 F259 4 6
276 Mix-18524 GU 48MPa Normal strength concrete 48.00 50.00 52.00 5 yes 0.4 F260 4 6
277 Mix-60975 GU 48.1MPa Normal strength concrete 48.12 50.12 52.12 5 yes 0.4 F261 4 6
278 Mix-23319 GU 48.2MPa Normal strength concrete 48.24 50.24 52.24 5 yes 0.4 F262 4 6
279 Mix-33796 GU 48.4MPa Normal strength concrete 48.36 50.36 52.36 5 yes 0.4 F263 4 6
280 Mix-16065 GU 48.5MPa Normal strength concrete 48.48 50.48 52.48 5 yes 0.4 F264 4 6
281 Mix-96306 GU 48.6MPa Normal strength concrete 48.60 50.60 52.60 5 yes 0.4 F265 4 6
282 Mix-24148 GU 48.7MPa Normal strength concrete 48.72 50.72 52.72 5 yes 0.4 F266 4 6
283 Mix-49867 GU 48.8MPa Normal strength concrete 48.84 50.84 52.84 5 yes 0.4 F267 4 6
284 Mix-46845 GU 49MPa Normal strength concrete 48.96 50.96 52.96 5 yes 0.4 F268 4 6
285 Mix-79513 GU 49.1MPa Normal strength concrete 49.08 51.08 53.08 5 yes 0.4 F269 4 6
286 Mix-98604 GU 49.2MPa Normal strength concrete 49.20 51.20 53.20 5 yes 0.4 F270 4 6
287 Mix-46480 GU 49.3MPa Normal strength concrete 49.32 51.32 53.32 5 yes 0.4 F271 4 6
288 Mix-87338 GU 49.4MPa Normal strength concrete 49.44 51.44 53.44 5 yes 0.4 F272 4 6
289 Mix-39042 GU 49.6MPa Normal strength concrete 49.56 51.56 53.56 5 yes 0.4 F273 4 6
290 Mix-45059 GU 49.7MPa Normal strength concrete 49.68 51.68 53.68 5 yes 0.4 F274 4 6
291 Mix-17061 GU 49.8MPa Normal strength concrete 49.80 51.80 53.80 5 yes 0.4 F275 4 6
292 Mix-38371 GU 49.9MPa Normal strength concrete 49.92 51.92 53.92 5 yes 0.4 F276 4 6

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 9: Declared products with Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
293 Mix-78559 GU 50MPa Normal strength concrete 50.04 52.04 54.04 5 yes 0.4 F277 4 6
294 Mix-66838 GU 50.2MPa Normal strength concrete 50.16 52.16 54.16 5 yes 0.4 F278 4 6
295 Mix-31783 GU 50.3MPa Normal strength concrete 50.28 52.28 54.28 5 yes 0.4 F279 4 6
296 Mix-94139 GU 50.4MPa Normal strength concrete 50.40 52.40 54.40 5 yes 0.4 F280 4 6
297 Mix-35932 GU 50.5MPa Normal strength concrete 50.52 52.52 54.52 5 yes 0.4 F281 4 6
298 Mix-24369 GU 50.6MPa Normal strength concrete 50.64 52.64 54.64 5 yes 0.4 F282 4 6
299 Mix-94136 GU 50.8MPa Normal strength concrete 50.76 52.76 54.76 5 yes 0.4 F283 4 6
300 Mix-77680 GU 50.9MPa Normal strength concrete 50.88 52.88 54.88 5 yes 0.4 F284 4 6
301 Mix-15995 GU 51MPa Normal strength concrete 51.00 53.00 55.00 5 yes 0.4 F285 4 6
302 Mix-22554 GU 51.1MPa Normal strength concrete 51.12 53.12 55.12 5 yes 0.4 F286 4 6
303 Mix-65509 GU 51.2MPa Normal strength concrete 51.24 53.24 55.24 5 yes 0.4 F287 4 6
304 Mix-18218 GU 51.4MPa Normal strength concrete 51.36 53.36 55.36 5 yes 0.4 F288 4 6
305 Mix-16467 GU 51.5MPa Normal strength concrete 51.48 53.48 55.48 5 yes 0.4 F289 4 6
306 Mix-19543 GU 51.6MPa Normal strength concrete 51.60 53.60 55.60 5 yes 0.4 F290 4 6
307 Mix-48077 GU 51.7MPa Normal strength concrete 51.72 53.72 55.72 5 yes 0.4 F291 4 6
308 Mix-17966 GU 51.8MPa Normal strength concrete 51.84 53.84 55.84 5 yes 0.4 F292 4 6
309 Mix-22089 GU 52MPa Normal strength concrete 51.96 53.96 55.96 5 yes 0.4 F293 4 6
310 Mix-27878 GU 52.1MPa Normal strength concrete 52.08 54.08 56.08 5 yes 0.4 F294 4 6
311 Mix-70932 GU 52.2MPa Normal strength concrete 52.20 54.20 56.20 5 yes 0.4 F295 4 6
312 Mix-25994 GU 52.3MPa Normal strength concrete 52.32 54.32 56.32 5 yes 0.4 F296 4 6
313 Mix-38084 GU 52.4MPa Normal strength concrete 52.44 54.44 56.44 5 yes 0.4 F297 4 6
314 Mix-66708 GU 52.6MPa Normal strength concrete 52.56 54.56 56.56 5 yes 0.4 F298 4 6
315 Mix-94289 GU 52.7MPa Normal strength concrete 52.68 54.68 56.68 5 yes 0.4 F299 4 6
316 Mix-54615 GU 52.8MPa Normal strength concrete 52.80 54.80 56.80 5 yes 0.4 F300 4 6
317 Mix-40377 GU 52.9MPa Normal strength concrete 52.92 54.92 56.92 5 yes 0.4 F301 4 6
318 Mix-34197 GU 53MPa Normal strength concrete 53.04 55.04 57.04 5 yes 0.4 F302 4 6
319 Mix-31884 GU 53.2MPa Normal strength concrete 53.16 55.16 57.16 5 yes 0.4 F303 4 6
320 Mix-79338 GU 53.3MPa Normal strength concrete 53.28 55.28 57.28 5 yes 0.4 F304 4 6
321 Mix-36655 GU 53.4MPa Normal strength concrete 53.40 55.40 57.40 5 yes 0.4 F305 4 6
322 Mix-52592 GU 53.5MPa Normal strength concrete 53.52 55.52 57.52 5 yes 0.4 F306 4 6
323 Mix-92216 GU 53.6MPa Normal strength concrete 53.64 55.64 57.64 5 yes 0.4 F307 4 6
324 Mix-46905 GU 53.8MPa Normal strength concrete 53.76 55.76 57.76 5 yes 0.4 F308 4 6
325 Mix-89325 GU 53.9MPa Normal strength concrete 53.88 55.88 57.88 5 yes 0.4 F309 4 6
326 Mix-64465 GU 54MPa Normal strength concrete 54.00 56.00 58.00 5 yes 0.4 F310 4 6
327 Mix-25139 GU 54.1MPa Normal strength concrete 54.12 56.12 58.12 5 yes 0.4 F311 4 6
328 Mix-27193 GU 54.2MPa Normal strength concrete 54.24 56.24 58.24 5 yes 0.4 F312 4 6
329 Mix-58699 GU 54.4MPa Normal strength concrete 54.36 56.36 58.36 5 yes 0.4 F313 4 6
330 Mix-97606 GU 54.5MPa Normal strength concrete 54.48 56.48 58.48 5 yes 0.4 F314 4 6
331 Mix-21540 GU 54.6MPa Normal strength concrete 54.60 56.60 58.60 5 yes 0.4 F315 4 6
332 Mix-23823 GU 54.7MPa Normal strength concrete 54.72 56.72 58.72 5 yes 0.4 F316 4 6
333 Mix-62301 GU 54.8MPa Normal strength concrete 54.84 56.84 58.84 5 yes 0.4 F317 4 6
334 Mix-37756 GU 55MPa Normal strength concrete 54.96 56.96 58.96 5 yes 0.4 F318 4 6

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 10: Declared products with Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
335 Mix-30268 GU 55.1MPa Normal strength concrete 55.08 57.08 59.08 5 yes 0.4 F319 4 6
336 Mix-15208 GU 55.2MPa Normal strength concrete 55.20 57.20 59.20 5 yes 0.4 F320 4 6
337 Mix-84133 GU 55.3MPa Normal strength concrete 55.32 57.32 59.32 5 yes 0.4 F321 4 6
338 Mix-32896 GU 55.4MPa Normal strength concrete 55.44 57.44 59.44 5 yes 0.4 F322 4 6
339 Mix-88356 GU 55.6MPa Normal strength concrete 55.56 57.56 59.56 5 yes 0.4 F323 4 6
340 Mix-12468 GU 55.7MPa Normal strength concrete 55.68 57.68 59.68 5 yes 0.4 F324 4 6
341 Mix-75908 GU 55.8MPa Normal strength concrete 55.80 57.80 59.80 5 yes 0.4 F325 4 6
342 Mix-80175 GU 55.9MPa Normal strength concrete 55.92 57.92 59.92 5 yes 0.4 F326 4 6
343 Mix-37623 GU 56MPa Normal strength concrete 56.04 58.04 60.04 5 yes 0.4 F327 4 6
344 Mix-83151 GU 56.2MPa Normal strength concrete 56.16 58.16 60.16 5 yes 0.4 F328 4 6
345 Mix-10817 GU 56.3MPa Normal strength concrete 56.28 58.28 60.28 5 yes 0.4 F329 4 6
346 Mix-86746 GU 56.4MPa Normal strength concrete 56.40 58.40 60.40 5 yes 0.4 F330 4 6
347 Mix-93253 GU 56.5MPa Normal strength concrete 56.52 58.52 60.52 5 yes 0.4 F331 4 6
348 Mix-50022 GU 56.6MPa Normal strength concrete 56.64 58.64 60.64 5 yes 0.4 F332 4 6
349 Mix-59206 GU 56.8MPa Normal strength concrete 56.76 58.76 60.76 5 yes 0.4 F333 4 6
350 Mix-28703 GU 56.9MPa Normal strength concrete 56.88 58.88 60.88 5 yes 0.4 F334 4 6
351 Mix-97614 GU 57MPa Normal strength concrete 57.00 59.00 61.00 5 yes 0.4 F335 4 6
352 Mix-92311 GU 57.1MPa Normal strength concrete 57.12 59.12 61.12 5 yes 0.4 F336 4 6
353 Mix-34714 GU 57.2MPa Normal strength concrete 57.24 59.24 61.24 5 yes 0.4 F337 4 6
354 Mix-58163 GU 57.4MPa Normal strength concrete 57.36 59.36 61.36 5 yes 0.4 F338 4 6
355 Mix-55708 GU 57.5MPa Normal strength concrete 57.48 59.48 61.48 5 yes 0.4 F339 4 6
356 Mix-92765 GU 57.6MPa Normal strength concrete 57.60 59.60 61.60 5 yes 0.4 F340 4 6
357 Mix-88873 GU 57.7MPa Normal strength concrete 57.72 59.72 61.72 5 yes 0.4 F341 4 6
358 Mix-97106 GU 57.8MPa Normal strength concrete 57.84 59.84 61.84 5 yes 0.4 F342 4 6
359 Mix-66950 GU 58MPa Normal strength concrete 57.96 59.96 61.96 5 yes 0.4 F343 4 6
360 Mix-67611 GU 58.1MPa Normal strength concrete 58.08 60.08 62.08 5 yes 0.4 F344 4 6
361 Mix-61937 GU 58.2MPa Normal strength concrete 58.20 60.20 62.20 5 yes 0.4 F345 4 6
362 Mix-37999 GU 58.3MPa Normal strength concrete 58.32 60.32 62.32 5 yes 0.4 F346 4 6
363 Mix-61708 GU 58.4MPa Normal strength concrete 58.44 60.44 62.44 5 yes 0.4 F347 4 6
364 Mix-98097 GU 58.6MPa Normal strength concrete 58.56 60.56 62.56 5 yes 0.4 F348 4 6
365 Mix-27833 GU 58.7MPa Normal strength concrete 58.68 60.68 62.68 5 yes 0.4 F349 4 6
366 Mix-15492 GU 58.8MPa Normal strength concrete 58.80 60.80 62.80 5 yes 0.4 F350 4 6
367 Mix-89994 GU 58.9MPa Normal strength concrete 58.92 60.92 62.92 5 yes 0.4 F351 4 6
368 Mix-71671 GU 59MPa Normal strength concrete 59.04 61.04 63.04 5 yes 0.4 F352 4 6
369 Mix-51468 GU 59.2MPa Normal strength concrete 59.16 61.16 63.16 5 yes 0.4 F353 4 6
370 Mix-90469 GU 59.3MPa Normal strength concrete 59.28 61.28 63.28 5 yes 0.4 F354 4 6
371 Mix-24013 GU 59.4MPa Normal strength concrete 59.40 61.40 63.40 5 yes 0.4 F355 4 6
372 Mix-38067 GU 59.5MPa Normal strength concrete 59.52 61.52 63.52 5 yes 0.4 F356 4 6
373 Mix-17400 GU 59.6MPa Normal strength concrete 59.64 61.64 63.64 5 yes 0.4 F357 4 6
374 Mix-97626 GU 59.8MPa Normal strength concrete 59.76 61.76 63.76 5 yes 0.4 F358 4 6
375 Mix-85913 GU 59.9MPa Normal strength concrete 59.88 61.88 63.88 5 yes 0.4 F359 4 6
376 Mix-10540 GU 60MPa Normal strength concrete 60.00 62.00 64.00 5 yes 0.4 F360 4 6

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 11: Declared products with Mix designs: >60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
377 Mix-59857 GU 60.1MPa Normal strength concrete 60.12 62.12 64.12 5 yes 0.4 F361 4 6
378 Mix-20407 GU 60.2MPa Normal strength concrete 60.24 62.24 64.24 5 yes 0.4 F362 4 6
379 Mix-66976 GU 60.4MPa Normal strength concrete 60.36 62.36 64.36 5 yes 0.4 F363 4 6
380 Mix-75369 GU 60.5MPa Normal strength concrete 60.48 62.48 64.48 5 yes 0.4 F364 4 6
381 Mix-65466 GU 60.6MPa Normal strength concrete 60.60 62.60 64.60 5 yes 0.4 F365 4 6
382 Mix-62591 GU 60.7MPa Normal strength concrete 60.72 62.72 64.72 5 yes 0.4 F366 4 6
383 Mix-44774 GU 60.8MPa Normal strength concrete 60.84 62.84 64.84 5 yes 0.4 F367 4 6
384 Mix-63324 GU 61MPa Normal strength concrete 60.96 62.96 64.96 5 yes 0.4 F368 4 6
385 Mix-41669 GU 61.1MPa Normal strength concrete 61.08 63.08 65.08 5 yes 0.4 F369 4 6
386 Mix-14126 GU 61.2MPa Normal strength concrete 61.20 63.20 65.20 5 yes 0.4 F370 4 6
387 Mix-20335 GU 61.3MPa Normal strength concrete 61.32 63.32 65.32 5 yes 0.4 F371 4 6

Ready Mix Concrete design composition

The following figures provide an approximate mass breakdown (kg per m3) of the material composition of each ready mix concrete design considered. Please note that the presented breakdown has been randomly altered by +/-10%, and is therefore only an approximation; this manipulation is to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 1: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 2: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 3: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 4: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 5: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 6: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 7: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 8: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 9: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 10: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: >60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 12: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)
product.name mix.category primary.content post.industrial.content post.consumer.content material.losses
xyz Admix Admixture 1 0 0 0.05
Gravel Coarse.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
Sand Fine.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
General use cement Cement 1 0 0 0.05
Tap water Water 1 0 0 0.05

System boundaries

As depicted in the figure below, this study considers a cradle-to-gate system boundary:

Figure 11: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system. The red boundary line indicates the system scope considered in this LCA/EPD

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle analysis reported in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) v2.3 2012:01 and the sub-PCR-F, Resilient, Textile and Laminate Floor Coverings 2012:01. The following three life cycle stages are included in the study: * A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA. * A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3). * A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing ready mix concrete products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 12: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules A1 to A3

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

  • Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
    • Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
    • Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
    • Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Lafarge Canada Inc, is located at their Maple Ridge in Britsh Columbia, Canada. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Lafarge Canada Inc’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent 3.4 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Lafarge Canada Inc were utilzied. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section Data Sources and Quality. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided.

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless noted above as follows: * A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

The following table summarizes the facility’s (i.e. A3) electricity consumption and generation (if applicable), process/space heating requirements, fuel inputs for on-site machinery, and waste generation.

Table 13: Inputs required by facility from to (364 days) to produce cubic meters
Activity Value Units
Electricity consumption and generation (if applicable)
Gross grid electricity: 20000 kWh
Process/space heating requirements
Process heat 20 GJ
Fuel requirements for machinery
Propane, heating mix 400 m3
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel 2000 L
Waste generation
Wash water 222 m3
Hazardous waste 3 kg
Non-hazardous concrete waste 10000 kg
High-level radioactive waste 0 kg
Table 14: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site
Technology and fuel type Value Units Reovered on-site or off-site
Waste heat from … 300 GJ on-site
Table 15: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site
Component/material for re-use/recycling Value Units Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging 300 kg off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

  • Electricity: Electricity generation and consumption values were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Process/space heating: Electricity heat requirements were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Fuel required for machinery:: Energy requirements for machinery were based on fuel purchase receipts.
  • Waste generation:: Please provide an explanation of how the above waste generation values were determined:
  • Waste generation:: Actual roadway distance to waste and sorting/recycling facilities were calculated via Google Maps. Empty returns were accounted for.
  • Recovered energy:: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates using various metering devices.
  • Recycled/reused material/components:: The above estimates were based on case-by-case basis depending on the material/component type.
  • Module A1 material losses:: Facility-boundary material flow analysis techniques were utilized.
  • Product transport requirements:: Diesel fill up receipts from fuel station.

The following tables (i.e. modules A1 to A3) depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modelling to generate the impact results. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activity utilized is also provided.

Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement Production of cement, general use Portland limestone cement/CA-BC-Richmond/kilogram EPD: Lafarge Canada Inc British Columbia 2019 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Gravel Production of aggregates, TYPE L RIP RAP D/50=9/US-CO/kilogram EPD: Martin Marietta British Columbia 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Tap water market for tap water/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 British Columbia v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix Production of concrete admixture, set accelerator/RER/kilogram EPD: European Federation of Concrete Admixtures Associations Ltd.  Alberta 2015 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Sand silica sand production/DE/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 British Columbia v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 17: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Gravel- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Sand- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 18: LCI inputs assumed for module A3 (i.e. manufacutring of mixes)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Grid electricity market for electricity, medium voltage/CA-QC/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-QC v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Hazardous waste treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel excavation, skid-steer loader/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Non-hazardous concrete waste treatment of waste concrete, not reinforced, collection for final disposal/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Process heat heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RoW/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Propane, heating mix propane, burned in building machine/GLO/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 GLO v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Rooftop PV electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted/CA-ON/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-ON v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Cardboard packaging transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of High-level radioactive waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Non-hazardous concrete waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Wash water transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Truck and fuel type transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Wash water market for wastewater from concrete production/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.4 LCI databases where relatively recent Canadian-specific electricity inputs were utilized.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the LCI modeling of the production weighted input and output LCI data for the declared products used the same modeling structure across the respective product systems, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered ready mix concrete materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets the ecoinvent v3.4 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary ready mix concrete LCA calculator* for all production facility and mix-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for ready mix concrete product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg portland cement, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

  • Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from to .
  • Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the Canadian-adjusted ecoinvent v3.4 database, 2017.
  • Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
  • Technological coverage is typical or average – specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), version 2.1, 2012 impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 19: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
ID LCIA.indicators Abbreviations Units
1 environmental impact: acidification AP moles of H+-Eq
2 environmental impact: eutrophication EP kg N
3 environmental impact: global warming GWP kg CO2-Eq
4 environmental impact: ozone depletion ODP kg CFC-11-Eq
5 environmental impact: photochemical oxidation PCOP kg NOx-Eq
6 Abiotic Depletion-elements ADPe kg Sbeq
7 Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels ADPf kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8 Total primary energy TPE MJ-Eq
9 Non-Renewable Resources NRR kg
10 Renewable energy RE MJ-Eq
11 land filling: bulk waste LFW kg waste
12 land filling: hazardous waste LFHW kg waste
13 water depletion: WDP WDP m3
14 Concrete batching water consumption CBWC m3
15 Concrete washing water consumption CWWC m3
16 Concrete hazardous waste CHW kg
17 Concrete non-hazardous waste CNHW kg

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 20: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq) Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq) Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq) Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq) Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq) Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq) The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV) This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3) This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3) This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg) This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg) This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in the following categories.

  • Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
  • Renewable primary resources as material;
  • Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
  • Non-renewable primary resources as material;
  • Secondary Materials;
  • Renewable secondary fuels;
  • Non-renewable secondary fuels;
  • Recovered energy;
  • Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
  • Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
  • Toxicological aspects;
  • Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
  • Hazardous waste disposed;
  • Non-hazardous waste disposed;
  • High-level radioactive waste;
  • Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
  • Components for reuse;
  • Materials for recycling;
  • Materials for energy recovery;
  • Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given concrete plant on a per cubic meter of ready mixed concrete basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 21: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.83 0.0647 136 7.21e-06 0.46 0.13 0.45 4.06 0.017 1190 142 1050 470 1700 0.00196 63.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 6.31 0.0785 166 9.16e-06 0.562 0.176 0.582 5.9 0.0206 1560 174 1380 567 2080 0.0029 76.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 5.04 0.0719 152 8.18e-06 0.516 0.153 0.517 4.93 0.0188 1380 159 1220 523 1860 0.00243 70 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.03 0.0716 152 8.15e-06 0.517 0.153 0.522 4.9 0.0188 1380 159 1220 527 1860 0.00241 70 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix1-76086 3.9 0.0647 136 7.21e-06 0.46 0.13 0.45 4.06 0.017 1190 142 1050 470 1740 0.00196 63.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix2-31669 6.09 0.0678 145 7.9e-06 0.499 0.169 0.535 5.66 0.0173 1460 156 1300 489 1970 0.00282 63.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix3-65123 5.3 0.0664 141 7.69e-06 0.478 0.142 0.467 5.05 0.0173 1250 149 1100 474 1860 0.00243 64 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix4-39296 4.8 0.0669 141 7.58e-06 0.483 0.149 0.494 4.75 0.0173 1330 150 1180 485 1890 0.00233 64.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix5-91739 4.8 0.0674 143 7.6e-06 0.49 0.159 0.526 4.75 0.0174 1410 152 1260 496 1830 0.00239 64.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix6-71640 5.45 0.0682 144 7.84e-06 0.494 0.156 0.504 5.22 0.0175 1360 154 1210 489 1980 0.00256 65 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix7-13660 6.15 0.0693 148 8.07e-06 0.509 0.171 0.542 5.72 0.0177 1480 159 1320 500 1990 0.00285 65.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix8-68573 5.07 0.0678 143 7.78e-06 0.485 0.142 0.472 4.91 0.0177 1260 151 1110 485 1870 0.00237 65.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix9-26937 6.06 0.0685 146 8.09e-06 0.495 0.149 0.482 5.57 0.0178 1300 154 1140 488 1840 0.00269 65.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix10-33491 3.98 0.0674 141 7.51e-06 0.477 0.133 0.464 4.14 0.0177 1220 147 1070 490 1760 0.002 66.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix11-79183 4.38 0.0686 145 7.67e-06 0.491 0.147 0.5 4.47 0.0179 1330 152 1180 501 1860 0.0022 66.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix12-35624 5.01 0.069 145 7.89e-06 0.493 0.143 0.477 4.89 0.018 1270 153 1120 494 1910 0.00236 66.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix13-16714 4.53 0.0685 145 7.76e-06 0.488 0.138 0.473 4.52 0.018 1250 150 1100 497 1760 0.00219 67.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix14-65059 5.94 0.0709 152 8.22e-06 0.518 0.17 0.55 5.57 0.0183 1490 161 1320 516 1920 0.00279 67.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix15-73046 4.12 0.0691 145 7.71e-06 0.489 0.136 0.473 4.26 0.0182 1250 151 1090 501 1830 0.00206 67.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix16-71062 5.66 0.0715 152 8.2e-06 0.521 0.169 0.55 5.4 0.0184 1490 162 1320 520 1960 0.0027 68.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix17-85256 5.04 0.0709 150 8.05e-06 0.51 0.154 0.515 4.95 0.0184 1380 158 1220 514 1930 0.00244 68.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix18-24803 4.18 0.0706 150 7.81e-06 0.508 0.156 0.538 4.34 0.0185 1430 156 1270 525 1780 0.0022 68.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix19-14288 5.34 0.0709 150 8.19e-06 0.508 0.146 0.489 5.11 0.0186 1300 157 1140 510 1850 0.00247 69.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix20-84425 4.1 0.0713 151 7.85e-06 0.512 0.157 0.541 4.31 0.0186 1440 158 1280 529 1830 0.00218 69.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix21-96934 4.52 0.0715 152 8e-06 0.516 0.159 0.545 4.57 0.0187 1450 159 1290 532 1760 0.00232 69.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix22-79000 4.52 0.0717 152 8.04e-06 0.513 0.15 0.517 4.58 0.0188 1370 158 1210 525 1840 0.00227 70.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix23-31023 5.63 0.0732 156 8.4e-06 0.532 0.169 0.559 5.38 0.019 1500 165 1340 536 1900 0.0027 70.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix24-78910 4.89 0.0727 155 8.2e-06 0.525 0.163 0.553 4.84 0.019 1470 161 1310 538 1780 0.00245 70.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix25-13095 5.96 0.0738 158 8.55e-06 0.538 0.172 0.565 5.59 0.0192 1520 166 1350 540 1870 0.00281 71.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix26-41881 4.19 0.0722 152 8.06e-06 0.511 0.139 0.489 4.34 0.0191 1280 157 1130 526 1840 0.0021 71.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix27-74909 6.1 0.0736 157 8.65e-06 0.529 0.153 0.508 5.64 0.0193 1350 163 1190 528 1850 0.00273 71.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix28-64759 5.57 0.0742 158 8.53e-06 0.534 0.16 0.535 5.32 0.0194 1430 165 1260 539 1900 0.00262 72.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix29-23726 4.03 0.0732 154 8.1e-06 0.52 0.148 0.522 4.24 0.0194 1370 159 1210 541 1780 0.00211 72.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix30-22160 6.18 0.0758 162 8.78e-06 0.552 0.176 0.575 5.79 0.0197 1550 171 1380 552 1990 0.0029 72.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix31-82046 4.13 0.0736 156 8.19e-06 0.524 0.148 0.525 4.29 0.0195 1380 160 1220 545 1720 0.00214 73.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix32-50745 4.74 0.075 158 8.42e-06 0.535 0.155 0.534 4.78 0.0197 1410 165 1250 548 1930 0.00236 73.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix33-97834 4.11 0.0741 156 8.25e-06 0.522 0.139 0.498 4.29 0.0197 1300 160 1140 542 1810 0.00208 73.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix34-85858 4.64 0.0747 159 8.43e-06 0.533 0.152 0.534 4.64 0.0198 1400 163 1240 552 1710 0.00231 74.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix35-42283 5.45 0.0755 160 8.71e-06 0.538 0.15 0.513 5.21 0.02 1350 165 1190 546 1840 0.00253 74.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix36-49770 3.83 0.0745 157 8.25e-06 0.524 0.137 0.499 4.07 0.0199 1300 159 1130 548 1720 0.00199 74.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix37-71541 5.91 0.0774 165 8.91e-06 0.561 0.174 0.582 5.6 0.0202 1560 173 1380 567 1920 0.00281 75 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix38-74500 5.31 0.0768 163 8.76e-06 0.55 0.16 0.547 5.16 0.0202 1450 169 1280 561 1870 0.00255 75.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix39-92949 3.97 0.0753 159 8.38e-06 0.53 0.138 0.504 4.17 0.0202 1310 161 1150 555 1700 0.00204 75.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix40-78982 5.59 0.0772 164 8.91e-06 0.551 0.153 0.522 5.35 0.0204 1380 169 1210 557 1920 0.00259 76 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix41-68217 6.31 0.0785 166 9.16e-06 0.562 0.16 0.532 5.9 0.0205 1420 174 1240 559 2080 0.00284 76.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix42-99865 6.06 0.0784 166 9.12e-06 0.561 0.158 0.53 5.71 0.0206 1410 173 1230 562 2030 0.00276 76.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 22: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 3.92 0.077 163 8.5e-06 0.543 0.142 0.514 4.21 0.0205 1340 165 1170 566 1690 0.00207 77 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 6.1 0.0899 191 1.03e-05 0.639 0.18 0.631 5.8 0.0241 1660 194 1470 664 2050 0.00282 90.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 4.98 0.0837 177 9.44e-06 0.594 0.161 0.575 4.98 0.0223 1500 181 1320 617 1880 0.00247 83.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.03 0.0838 178 9.42e-06 0.595 0.162 0.577 5.03 0.0224 1510 180 1320 622 1880 0.00251 83.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix43-82290 3.92 0.0773 163 8.5e-06 0.547 0.15 0.541 4.21 0.0205 1410 167 1250 572 1850 0.0021 77 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix44-47009 4.34 0.077 163 8.64e-06 0.543 0.142 0.514 4.43 0.0206 1340 165 1170 566 1710 0.00217 77.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix45-60754 4.3 0.0777 165 8.66e-06 0.551 0.152 0.546 4.43 0.0207 1430 168 1260 577 1720 0.00222 77.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix46-91275 5.02 0.079 168 8.91e-06 0.568 0.168 0.585 4.98 0.0209 1550 173 1370 588 1810 0.00252 78 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix47-12554 4.01 0.078 164 8.65e-06 0.548 0.142 0.517 4.25 0.0208 1340 167 1170 573 1820 0.00207 78.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix48-10932 3.93 0.0789 167 8.65e-06 0.561 0.161 0.578 4.23 0.021 1510 171 1340 592 1780 0.00216 78.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix49-72055 5.78 0.0806 171 9.24e-06 0.578 0.167 0.568 5.55 0.0212 1510 177 1330 586 2010 0.00274 79 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix50-29095 4.04 0.0788 167 8.73e-06 0.557 0.151 0.55 4.25 0.0211 1430 169 1260 588 1690 0.00214 79.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix51-82569 4.45 0.0794 168 8.88e-06 0.563 0.154 0.556 4.55 0.0212 1450 171 1280 590 1710 0.00227 79.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix52-33403 4.25 0.0795 167 8.87e-06 0.559 0.144 0.526 4.42 0.0213 1360 170 1190 584 1810 0.00216 79.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix53-46201 5.95 0.0816 173 9.42e-06 0.581 0.16 0.545 5.67 0.0215 1440 178 1260 586 2050 0.00274 80.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix54-88603 4.61 0.0813 172 9.04e-06 0.58 0.168 0.594 4.74 0.0215 1560 177 1380 605 1880 0.00241 80.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix55-74909 5.48 0.0811 172 9.32e-06 0.576 0.154 0.541 5.28 0.0216 1420 175 1240 591 1830 0.00257 80.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix56-96010 5.87 0.0821 175 9.47e-06 0.588 0.167 0.577 5.58 0.0218 1520 180 1340 602 1870 0.00277 81.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix57-79359 4.66 0.0823 174 9.15e-06 0.587 0.17 0.599 4.79 0.0218 1580 179 1390 612 1930 0.00243 81.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix58-31652 5.46 0.0829 177 9.41e-06 0.596 0.175 0.607 5.33 0.0219 1600 182 1420 614 1890 0.0027 81.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix59-53304 5.38 0.0825 175 9.42e-06 0.584 0.155 0.547 5.25 0.022 1430 178 1250 600 1930 0.00255 82.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix60-88369 4.64 0.0819 173 9.22e-06 0.577 0.148 0.54 4.7 0.022 1400 175 1220 602 1780 0.0023 82.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix61-96498 4.64 0.0829 176 9.25e-06 0.592 0.168 0.603 4.74 0.0221 1580 180 1400 621 1770 0.00242 82.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix62-89680 4.26 0.0831 176 9.17e-06 0.591 0.166 0.601 4.49 0.0222 1570 179 1390 623 1800 0.00229 83.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix63-11831 4.84 0.0839 178 9.38e-06 0.599 0.171 0.608 4.91 0.0223 1600 182 1410 626 1870 0.0025 83.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix64-43745 5.45 0.0847 179 9.6e-06 0.603 0.168 0.586 5.36 0.0224 1540 184 1360 619 2020 0.00265 83.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix65-37224 4 0.0837 176 9.19e-06 0.589 0.156 0.573 4.32 0.0224 1490 179 1310 622 1870 0.00216 84.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix66-30529 5.03 0.0848 179 9.53e-06 0.601 0.164 0.585 5.05 0.0226 1530 183 1350 624 1950 0.00251 84.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix67-98565 5.49 0.085 181 9.69e-06 0.605 0.167 0.589 5.34 0.0227 1540 184 1360 626 1860 0.00266 84.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix68-91033 5.14 0.0851 181 9.62e-06 0.604 0.165 0.588 5.11 0.0227 1540 184 1350 628 1860 0.00254 85.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix69-61669 4.99 0.0851 180 9.61e-06 0.599 0.154 0.558 5.01 0.0228 1450 182 1270 622 1930 0.00244 85.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix70-63241 4.91 0.0849 180 9.61e-06 0.598 0.152 0.557 4.9 0.0229 1440 181 1260 624 1780 0.0024 85.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix71-22917 4.07 0.085 179 9.4e-06 0.594 0.148 0.552 4.36 0.0229 1420 180 1240 627 1880 0.00213 86.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix72-19833 6.07 0.0866 184 1e-05 0.614 0.163 0.571 5.74 0.0231 1500 187 1310 629 1920 0.0028 86.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix73-65219 5.77 0.087 185 9.96e-06 0.62 0.17 0.601 5.55 0.0232 1570 188 1380 640 1900 0.00276 86.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix74-69583 5.59 0.0877 187 9.94e-06 0.627 0.18 0.631 5.47 0.0233 1660 191 1470 650 1930 0.00276 87.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix75-17648 5.19 0.0868 184 9.85e-06 0.611 0.156 0.567 5.13 0.0233 1470 185 1290 636 1880 0.00251 87.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix76-90047 6.1 0.0879 187 1.02e-05 0.624 0.165 0.578 5.8 0.0235 1510 190 1320 638 1990 0.00282 87.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix77-69136 5.53 0.0879 186 1e-05 0.62 0.161 0.574 5.41 0.0235 1500 189 1310 640 1990 0.00264 88.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix78-78370 4.4 0.0882 186 9.71e-06 0.624 0.172 0.626 4.66 0.0235 1630 189 1440 659 1930 0.00238 88.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix79-63685 5.4 0.0885 187 1e-05 0.623 0.161 0.576 5.33 0.0237 1500 189 1310 645 2010 0.0026 88.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix80-19949 5.76 0.0895 190 1.02e-05 0.636 0.174 0.612 5.61 0.0238 1600 194 1410 655 2050 0.00278 89 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix81-92603 4.36 0.0879 186 9.77e-06 0.619 0.16 0.597 4.55 0.0238 1540 186 1350 658 1730 0.00229 89.4 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix82-78830 5.81 0.0899 191 1.03e-05 0.639 0.174 0.615 5.64 0.024 1610 194 1410 660 2000 0.0028 89.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix83-58311 5.06 0.089 188 1.01e-05 0.625 0.157 0.577 5.07 0.024 1490 189 1300 654 1880 0.00248 90 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix84-46959 5.15 0.0899 190 1.01e-05 0.636 0.169 0.611 5.17 0.0241 1590 193 1400 664 1940 0.00258 90.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Table 23: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.24 0.0886 187 9.87e-06 0.619 0.15 0.572 4.48 0.0241 1460 186 1280 658 1730 0.00221 90.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 6.67 0.102 218 1.17e-05 0.728 0.199 0.71 6.35 0.0276 1850 220 1630 762 2110 0.0032 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 5.32 0.0959 204 1.08e-05 0.676 0.174 0.643 5.32 0.0259 1660 204 1460 712 1940 0.00266 97.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.32 0.0956 202 1.07e-05 0.675 0.175 0.643 5.31 0.0259 1660 203 1460 712 1940 0.00267 97.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix85-80598 4.27 0.0886 187 9.87e-06 0.619 0.15 0.572 4.48 0.0241 1460 186 1280 658 1750 0.00221 90.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix86-12257 5.74 0.0911 193 1.04e-05 0.646 0.175 0.62 5.61 0.0243 1620 196 1420 669 2030 0.00278 91 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix87-65007 4.51 0.0901 191 1e-05 0.634 0.164 0.609 4.71 0.0243 1570 191 1380 671 1870 0.00236 91.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix88-23555 6.1 0.0913 194 1.05e-05 0.646 0.167 0.595 5.82 0.0245 1550 196 1350 665 1980 0.00284 91.7 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix89-71131 5.5 0.0909 193 1.04e-05 0.64 0.161 0.59 5.37 0.0245 1530 193 1330 667 1870 0.00263 92 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix90-16941 4.58 0.0907 192 1.01e-05 0.638 0.164 0.613 4.74 0.0245 1580 192 1380 678 1780 0.00238 92.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix91-46324 4.26 0.0914 194 1.01e-05 0.645 0.172 0.642 4.56 0.0246 1660 194 1460 688 1830 0.00234 92.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix92-16631 4.74 0.0911 193 1.02e-05 0.637 0.156 0.586 4.83 0.0247 1500 192 1310 674 1800 0.00238 93 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix93-14846 5.19 0.0931 198 1.04e-05 0.661 0.182 0.656 5.27 0.0249 1710 200 1510 693 2020 0.00267 93.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix94-60017 5.69 0.0933 198 1.06e-05 0.661 0.176 0.631 5.59 0.025 1640 200 1440 687 2020 0.00278 93.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix95-29503 4.58 0.0926 197 1.03e-05 0.655 0.175 0.65 4.77 0.025 1680 197 1480 697 1790 0.00245 93.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix96-22425 5.99 0.0942 200 1.07e-05 0.668 0.179 0.637 5.81 0.0252 1660 203 1460 691 2060 0.00288 94.3 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix97-29763 5.14 0.0936 199 1.05e-05 0.664 0.18 0.659 5.18 0.0252 1710 200 1510 702 1830 0.00264 94.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix98-31269 4.39 0.0938 198 1.03e-05 0.662 0.176 0.654 4.7 0.0252 1690 200 1490 704 1940 0.0024 94.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix99-78245 6.2 0.095 202 1.09e-05 0.675 0.181 0.643 5.95 0.0254 1680 204 1470 698 2030 0.00296 95.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix100-50679 6.16 0.0955 203 1.09e-05 0.677 0.181 0.644 5.94 0.0255 1680 205 1480 700 2090 0.00295 95.6 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix101-74048 4.81 0.0936 198 1.05e-05 0.654 0.158 0.599 4.89 0.0255 1530 196 1340 694 1780 0.00242 95.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix102-78143 5.32 0.0944 200 1.07e-05 0.662 0.163 0.606 5.28 0.0256 1560 199 1360 696 1850 0.00259 96.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix103-53056 4.76 0.0951 202 1.06e-05 0.672 0.178 0.664 4.92 0.0257 1710 202 1510 715 1830 0.00252 96.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix104-31107 4.66 0.0957 203 1.06e-05 0.675 0.179 0.665 4.89 0.0257 1720 203 1520 718 1930 0.0025 96.9 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix105-70038 6.53 0.0972 208 1.12e-05 0.695 0.194 0.684 6.19 0.026 1790 210 1580 720 2000 0.00313 97.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix106-28279 4.66 0.0953 201 1.06e-05 0.665 0.159 0.606 4.84 0.0259 1550 200 1350 705 1900 0.00238 97.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix107-46842 5.69 0.0962 204 1.1e-05 0.676 0.167 0.617 5.56 0.026 1590 204 1390 707 1920 0.00273 97.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix108-32400 5.23 0.0973 207 1.09e-05 0.689 0.185 0.677 5.31 0.0261 1760 208 1550 727 2000 0.0027 98.2 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix109-33549 4.24 0.096 202 1.06e-05 0.667 0.157 0.607 4.56 0.0261 1550 200 1340 712 1920 0.00225 98.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix110-45734 4.25 0.0956 202 1.06e-05 0.665 0.155 0.607 4.51 0.0262 1540 199 1340 714 1730 0.00224 98.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix111-72119 6.47 0.0992 212 1.13e-05 0.707 0.196 0.693 6.2 0.0265 1810 214 1600 733 2090 0.00313 99.1 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix112-29068 5.63 0.0985 209 1.11e-05 0.694 0.18 0.656 5.6 0.0265 1700 210 1490 727 2060 0.00279 99.5 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix113-63427 4.35 0.0976 206 1.08e-05 0.682 0.169 0.644 4.67 0.0265 1650 205 1440 729 1920 0.00235 99.8 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix114-49705 5.91 0.0992 212 1.12e-05 0.705 0.19 0.691 5.77 0.0267 1800 212 1580 740 1940 0.00293 100 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix115-61069 5.54 0.0983 209 1.12e-05 0.689 0.167 0.627 5.46 0.0267 1610 207 1400 725 1900 0.00269 100 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix116-34175 6.67 0.101 215 1.15e-05 0.719 0.198 0.702 6.35 0.0269 1840 218 1620 744 2110 0.0032 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix117-57720 6.21 0.0999 212 1.14e-05 0.703 0.175 0.638 5.99 0.0269 1650 212 1430 730 2070 0.00293 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix118-80065 4.55 0.0996 211 1.1e-05 0.701 0.182 0.684 4.85 0.0269 1760 210 1550 749 1960 0.00249 101 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix119-59964 4.68 0.0986 209 1.1e-05 0.687 0.16 0.624 4.84 0.027 1580 205 1380 734 1780 0.0024 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix120-76721 5.58 0.101 213 1.13e-05 0.708 0.18 0.666 5.55 0.0271 1720 213 1500 745 2010 0.00278 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix121-94440 5.59 0.101 213 1.14e-05 0.704 0.171 0.638 5.57 0.0272 1640 212 1430 739 2070 0.00273 102 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix122-82311 6.6 0.102 218 1.17e-05 0.728 0.199 0.71 6.3 0.0274 1850 220 1630 758 2060 0.00319 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix123-65012 6.12 0.102 216 1.16e-05 0.719 0.185 0.676 5.95 0.0274 1750 217 1530 752 2050 0.00297 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix124-10817 6.16 0.102 218 1.16e-05 0.726 0.194 0.707 5.97 0.0276 1840 218 1620 762 1940 0.00303 103 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix125-46890 4.71 0.101 214 1.12e-05 0.708 0.174 0.665 4.96 0.0275 1700 212 1490 756 1950 0.00249 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 24: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.51 0.102 217 1.14e-05 0.714 0.164 0.643 4.8 0.0278 1630 213 1410 752 1840 0.00237 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 6.83 0.114 242 1.29e-05 0.803 0.209 0.766 6.57 0.031 1980 241 1740 850 2170 0.00333 117 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 5.57 0.108 229 1.21e-05 0.757 0.185 0.704 5.6 0.0294 1800 226 1570 805 1990 0.00281 111 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.51 0.108 228 1.19e-05 0.752 0.185 0.704 5.54 0.0294 1800 225 1580 804 2000 0.0028 111 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix126-85617 6.72 0.103 221 1.19e-05 0.737 0.2 0.716 6.39 0.0278 1870 222 1640 767 2060 0.00323 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix127-67552 6.53 0.103 219 1.18e-05 0.725 0.18 0.655 6.23 0.0278 1690 219 1470 752 2110 0.00305 104 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix128-60092 5.28 0.102 217 1.15e-05 0.717 0.178 0.673 5.33 0.0278 1730 215 1510 763 1880 0.00268 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix129-15776 4.88 0.102 217 1.14e-05 0.716 0.175 0.671 5.04 0.0278 1710 214 1500 765 1870 0.00255 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix130-21602 5.26 0.103 220 1.15e-05 0.728 0.189 0.707 5.35 0.028 1820 218 1600 776 1910 0.00274 105 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix131-42722 4.61 0.103 217 1.14e-05 0.717 0.173 0.671 4.86 0.028 1710 214 1500 770 1860 0.00246 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix132-94847 5.37 0.104 221 1.16e-05 0.735 0.191 0.712 5.46 0.0282 1840 221 1610 780 2020 0.00279 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix133-32920 4.51 0.103 217 1.14e-05 0.714 0.164 0.643 4.8 0.0281 1630 213 1410 766 1920 0.00237 106 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix134-38175 5.88 0.104 221 1.19e-05 0.731 0.176 0.658 5.78 0.0283 1690 219 1470 768 2040 0.00284 107 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix135-67183 5.55 0.104 221 1.18e-05 0.727 0.172 0.655 5.51 0.0284 1670 217 1450 770 1910 0.00272 107 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix136-71322 5.65 0.106 225 1.18e-05 0.746 0.194 0.721 5.67 0.0285 1860 224 1640 789 2050 0.00289 107 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix137-14316 5.06 0.105 223 1.17e-05 0.74 0.189 0.715 5.24 0.0286 1840 221 1610 791 1930 0.00268 108 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix138-82321 5.78 0.106 226 1.19e-05 0.75 0.196 0.724 5.77 0.0287 1870 225 1640 794 2040 0.00294 108 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix139-58343 5.66 0.106 225 1.19e-05 0.745 0.186 0.694 5.68 0.0288 1790 224 1560 788 2080 0.00284 108 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix140-82171 5.39 0.105 223 1.19e-05 0.735 0.172 0.661 5.42 0.0288 1680 220 1460 781 1940 0.00268 109 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix141-23432 5.03 0.107 226 1.18e-05 0.749 0.191 0.722 5.24 0.0289 1850 224 1630 800 2020 0.00269 109 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix142-38076 5.26 0.106 224 1.19e-05 0.737 0.171 0.662 5.33 0.0289 1680 220 1460 786 1900 0.00264 109 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix143-29581 5.19 0.106 225 1.19e-05 0.739 0.171 0.663 5.29 0.029 1680 221 1460 788 1920 0.00262 110 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix144-24754 5.03 0.107 226 1.19e-05 0.745 0.179 0.694 5.18 0.0291 1770 222 1540 799 1870 0.00262 110 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix145-59237 6.54 0.109 232 1.24e-05 0.769 0.202 0.741 6.29 0.0294 1920 231 1680 809 2010 0.0032 110 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix146-81101 4.94 0.107 226 1.19e-05 0.74 0.169 0.664 5.09 0.0292 1680 220 1460 795 1840 0.00253 111 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix147-33457 4.65 0.108 228 1.19e-05 0.754 0.188 0.725 4.96 0.0294 1850 225 1620 814 1910 0.00256 111 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix148-49128 5.88 0.109 232 1.23e-05 0.77 0.198 0.739 5.85 0.0296 1900 231 1670 816 2030 0.00298 111 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix149-57249 4.86 0.108 227 1.2e-05 0.747 0.17 0.669 5.07 0.0295 1690 222 1470 801 1910 0.00251 112 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix150-99221 5.18 0.109 232 1.21e-05 0.768 0.194 0.736 5.38 0.0297 1890 230 1660 821 2070 0.00275 112 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix151-57598 6.2 0.11 235 1.25e-05 0.779 0.202 0.747 6.09 0.0298 1930 234 1690 823 2070 0.0031 112 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix152-10827 6.75 0.11 234 1.27e-05 0.774 0.187 0.692 6.44 0.0299 1780 232 1540 808 2140 0.00317 112 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix153-86034 6.03 0.111 236 1.25e-05 0.78 0.2 0.748 5.97 0.03 1930 234 1690 827 2020 0.00304 113 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix154-89122 5.91 0.111 236 1.25e-05 0.78 0.199 0.747 5.86 0.0301 1920 233 1690 830 1980 0.003 113 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix155-86048 5.86 0.11 234 1.25e-05 0.769 0.179 0.687 5.8 0.0301 1750 230 1520 815 2010 0.00287 113 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix156-14400 5.45 0.11 233 1.24e-05 0.769 0.177 0.686 5.55 0.0301 1740 230 1510 817 2080 0.00274 114 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix157-86086 6.65 0.113 240 1.28e-05 0.796 0.207 0.76 6.44 0.0304 1970 239 1730 836 2170 0.00326 114 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix158-22961 5.91 0.111 235 1.26e-05 0.774 0.18 0.692 5.84 0.0303 1760 231 1530 822 1990 0.00288 114 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix159-62178 5.13 0.111 235 1.24e-05 0.775 0.184 0.716 5.31 0.0304 1820 231 1590 832 1950 0.00268 115 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix160-32487 6.83 0.113 242 1.29e-05 0.803 0.209 0.766 6.57 0.0307 1980 241 1740 843 2140 0.00333 115 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix161-92755 5.73 0.112 237 1.26e-05 0.78 0.18 0.695 5.73 0.0306 1770 233 1530 828 2050 0.00283 115 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix162-25111 5.74 0.113 240 1.27e-05 0.794 0.2 0.758 5.77 0.0307 1940 237 1700 848 2020 0.00296 116 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix163-28016 6.08 0.112 239 1.28e-05 0.785 0.182 0.7 5.95 0.0308 1780 234 1540 833 1960 0.00295 116 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix164-91747 4.63 0.112 236 1.24e-05 0.773 0.171 0.688 4.93 0.0307 1730 230 1500 835 1920 0.00246 116 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix165-40014 5.92 0.114 241 1.28e-05 0.796 0.192 0.733 5.91 0.031 1870 238 1630 846 2060 0.00296 117 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix166-88432 5.47 0.113 240 1.27e-05 0.791 0.187 0.729 5.54 0.031 1850 235 1610 848 1920 0.0028 117 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix167-18763 4.91 0.113 240 1.26e-05 0.788 0.184 0.725 5.16 0.031 1840 234 1600 850 1920 0.00262 117 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Table 25: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.6 0.113 239 1.25e-05 0.783 0.172 0.696 4.92 0.0311 1750 232 1510 846 1860 0.00246 118 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 7.12 0.125 264 1.41e-05 0.87 0.219 0.817 6.87 0.0344 2100 260 1840 942 2250 0.00348 130 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 5.73 0.12 254 1.34e-05 0.834 0.194 0.76 5.8 0.0328 1930 248 1680 895 2050 0.00293 124 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.72 0.12 254 1.35e-05 0.839 0.194 0.754 5.78 0.0329 1920 249 1680 896 2060 0.00295 124 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix168-41368 4.65 0.114 240 1.25e-05 0.789 0.183 0.725 5.01 0.0311 1840 235 1600 852 2010 0.00254 118 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix169-67220 5.73 0.114 242 1.29e-05 0.795 0.182 0.706 5.75 0.0313 1790 237 1550 846 2070 0.00285 118 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix170-11554 4.6 0.113 239 1.26e-05 0.783 0.172 0.696 4.92 0.0312 1750 232 1510 848 1900 0.00246 118 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix171-60640 6.7 0.116 247 1.32e-05 0.815 0.2 0.749 6.46 0.0315 1920 244 1680 859 2120 0.00324 119 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix172-82057 6.61 0.116 247 1.32e-05 0.818 0.201 0.751 6.43 0.0316 1930 245 1680 861 2200 0.00321 119 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix173-96764 6.66 0.116 246 1.33e-05 0.81 0.189 0.72 6.39 0.0317 1830 241 1590 855 2020 0.00316 119 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix174-73473 4.94 0.115 243 1.28e-05 0.795 0.176 0.705 5.19 0.0316 1770 236 1540 857 1960 0.00258 120 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix175-64793 6.03 0.116 246 1.31e-05 0.809 0.185 0.718 5.98 0.0318 1820 241 1580 860 2080 0.00296 120 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix176-43449 5.14 0.116 246 1.29e-05 0.806 0.187 0.74 5.32 0.0318 1870 239 1630 870 1900 0.00271 120 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix177-46526 6.64 0.117 249 1.34e-05 0.818 0.19 0.726 6.41 0.032 1850 244 1600 864 2090 0.00316 121 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix178-99456 5.48 0.117 248 1.31e-05 0.815 0.191 0.747 5.6 0.032 1890 242 1650 875 2010 0.00283 121 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix179-49909 6.39 0.118 251 1.34e-05 0.827 0.2 0.758 6.28 0.0322 1940 247 1690 877 2130 0.00315 121 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix180-85667 4.61 0.117 248 1.29e-05 0.818 0.195 0.773 5.03 0.0321 1960 243 1710 888 2010 0.0026 122 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix181-27375 6.48 0.119 254 1.35e-05 0.838 0.211 0.792 6.36 0.0324 2030 251 1780 890 2130 0.00324 122 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix182-82702 6.16 0.119 252 1.34e-05 0.831 0.199 0.76 6.13 0.0324 1940 248 1690 884 2150 0.00308 122 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix183-81477 5.47 0.118 250 1.32e-05 0.819 0.183 0.724 5.61 0.0324 1830 243 1580 878 2070 0.00278 123 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix184-66420 4.63 0.118 249 1.3e-05 0.819 0.186 0.748 5.03 0.0324 1880 243 1640 888 2010 0.00256 123 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix185-92617 6.19 0.119 253 1.35e-05 0.831 0.19 0.734 6.14 0.0326 1860 248 1610 882 2170 0.00303 123 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-59517 6.45 0.12 255 1.36e-05 0.84 0.201 0.768 6.32 0.0328 1960 251 1710 893 2100 0.00317 124 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96140 6.11 0.12 256 1.35e-05 0.843 0.207 0.796 6.07 0.0329 2030 251 1780 904 1980 0.00311 124 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-48460 5.47 0.12 254 1.34e-05 0.835 0.194 0.762 5.64 0.0329 1930 248 1680 897 2080 0.00285 124 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-23261 4.75 0.119 251 1.32e-05 0.82 0.177 0.724 5.06 0.0329 1810 243 1570 891 1910 0.00254 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-21866 5.94 0.121 258 1.36e-05 0.849 0.208 0.799 5.99 0.0331 2040 253 1780 910 2070 0.00307 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-45485 5.52 0.12 254 1.35e-05 0.833 0.184 0.735 5.64 0.0331 1850 247 1600 896 2010 0.0028 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-73490 6.5 0.121 257 1.37e-05 0.847 0.203 0.773 6.37 0.033 1970 253 1720 900 2150 0.0032 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-80220 5.83 0.12 256 1.35e-05 0.84 0.196 0.767 5.87 0.0331 1940 249 1690 902 1990 0.00297 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-50054 5.07 0.121 256 1.33e-05 0.843 0.202 0.793 5.39 0.0331 2010 251 1760 913 2070 0.00278 125 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-94790 4.82 0.121 256 1.33e-05 0.84 0.198 0.791 5.16 0.0332 2000 249 1750 915 1920 0.00268 126 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-47684 7.12 0.123 263 1.4e-05 0.869 0.219 0.816 6.87 0.0335 2100 260 1840 917 2250 0.00348 126 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-32208 6.05 0.122 258 1.37e-05 0.845 0.189 0.745 6.03 0.0334 1880 251 1630 902 2080 0.00299 126 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-70062 7.07 0.123 264 1.41e-05 0.87 0.218 0.817 6.8 0.0336 2100 260 1840 921 2140 0.00346 126 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-28731 6.27 0.123 261 1.39e-05 0.857 0.201 0.78 6.21 0.0336 1980 255 1720 915 2070 0.00313 127 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20849 6.2 0.123 261 1.39e-05 0.859 0.202 0.781 6.18 0.0337 1980 255 1730 917 2110 0.00311 127 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-25919 5.12 0.122 258 1.36e-05 0.842 0.183 0.741 5.37 0.0336 1860 249 1600 911 2000 0.00268 127 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-24547 5.57 0.123 262 1.37e-05 0.861 0.206 0.808 5.72 0.0338 2050 255 1790 930 1990 0.00295 128 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-57879 6.13 0.124 264 1.39e-05 0.868 0.21 0.815 6.12 0.034 2070 258 1810 933 2010 0.00314 128 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-85995 5.55 0.124 263 1.38e-05 0.864 0.206 0.81 5.7 0.034 2050 256 1790 935 1960 0.00295 128 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-53358 5.72 0.124 262 1.39e-05 0.856 0.188 0.752 5.81 0.034 1890 254 1640 920 2050 0.00289 129 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-23934 4.85 0.123 260 1.36e-05 0.846 0.18 0.744 5.14 0.034 1850 250 1600 922 1860 0.00259 129 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96916 4.93 0.124 263 1.37e-05 0.864 0.202 0.809 5.27 0.0342 2040 256 1780 942 1950 0.00274 129 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-98529 4.91 0.124 261 1.37e-05 0.854 0.183 0.749 5.24 0.0342 1870 253 1620 927 2020 0.00262 130 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-89675 5.49 0.125 264 1.39e-05 0.862 0.188 0.757 5.67 0.0344 1900 256 1640 929 2110 0.00283 130 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 26: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.8 0.125 264 1.39e-05 0.86 0.183 0.755 5.21 0.0345 1880 254 1630 934 1890 0.00263 130 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 7.29 0.137 290 1.54e-05 0.951 0.229 0.878 7.07 0.0379 2240 283 1950 1030 2300 0.0036 144 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 5.93 0.131 279 1.47e-05 0.911 0.204 0.816 6.03 0.0362 2050 270 1780 984 2090 0.00305 137 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.8 0.131 278 1.48e-05 0.912 0.204 0.813 5.92 0.0362 2040 271 1770 984 2080 0.00299 137 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-84133 5.54 0.125 267 1.4e-05 0.875 0.207 0.818 5.7 0.0345 2070 259 1810 948 1950 0.00295 130 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-17940 5.85 0.125 265 1.41e-05 0.867 0.19 0.762 5.89 0.0345 1910 257 1650 934 2010 0.00294 131 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-74686 5.04 0.125 264 1.39e-05 0.86 0.183 0.755 5.31 0.0346 1880 254 1630 936 1920 0.00266 131 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-83706 5.66 0.126 269 1.41e-05 0.882 0.209 0.824 5.81 0.0348 2090 261 1820 955 1990 0.003 131 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-90438 5.02 0.125 265 1.39e-05 0.863 0.183 0.757 5.29 0.0347 1890 254 1630 940 1890 0.00266 132 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-19986 6.49 0.127 271 1.44e-05 0.889 0.206 0.805 6.39 0.035 2040 264 1770 951 2090 0.00323 132 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-46870 4.93 0.126 268 1.4e-05 0.875 0.194 0.791 5.29 0.0349 1980 259 1720 953 2020 0.0027 132 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-32572 5.39 0.127 269 1.41e-05 0.881 0.198 0.797 5.61 0.035 2000 260 1740 956 2000 0.00285 133 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-42926 5.54 0.127 269 1.42e-05 0.878 0.189 0.769 5.7 0.0351 1930 260 1660 949 2030 0.00285 133 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-68906 6.84 0.129 276 1.46e-05 0.908 0.221 0.845 6.7 0.0354 2160 270 1880 969 2190 0.00342 133 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-79583 6.44 0.129 275 1.45e-05 0.905 0.218 0.843 6.4 0.0354 2140 269 1870 971 2140 0.00328 134 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-51160 6.84 0.129 274 1.47e-05 0.899 0.201 0.787 6.66 0.0355 1990 267 1720 956 2200 0.0033 134 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-57293 6.09 0.13 276 1.45e-05 0.906 0.216 0.842 6.18 0.0356 2140 269 1870 975 2150 0.00317 134 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-80180 6.39 0.13 277 1.46e-05 0.911 0.219 0.847 6.39 0.0357 2150 271 1880 977 2180 0.00327 135 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-63341 6 0.13 275 1.45e-05 0.901 0.205 0.813 6.08 0.0357 2050 267 1780 971 2100 0.00308 135 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-97068 4.8 0.129 274 1.42e-05 0.898 0.206 0.834 5.24 0.0357 2100 265 1830 982 2040 0.00273 135 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96489 4.85 0.129 273 1.42e-05 0.891 0.194 0.803 5.21 0.0357 2010 262 1740 976 1900 0.00268 136 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-40850 7.07 0.131 279 1.5e-05 0.913 0.205 0.798 6.85 0.036 2020 272 1750 969 2280 0.00339 136 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-25583 5.83 0.13 276 1.46e-05 0.899 0.193 0.785 5.92 0.036 1960 265 1700 972 2020 0.00296 136 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-91696 7.27 0.133 283 1.51e-05 0.932 0.227 0.864 7.04 0.0362 2210 278 1930 991 2290 0.00358 137 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-92701 5.46 0.13 277 1.45e-05 0.904 0.2 0.815 5.65 0.0361 2040 267 1770 985 1940 0.00289 137 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-55817 4.83 0.13 275 1.44e-05 0.896 0.187 0.781 5.23 0.0361 1940 264 1670 978 2040 0.00263 137 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-76920 5.24 0.131 278 1.45e-05 0.908 0.2 0.817 5.53 0.0363 2050 268 1770 989 2030 0.00283 138 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-78565 6.66 0.132 281 1.5e-05 0.917 0.201 0.8 6.52 0.0365 2010 271 1740 983 2070 0.00325 138 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96336 6.17 0.133 282 1.49e-05 0.922 0.208 0.829 6.22 0.0365 2090 273 1810 994 2110 0.00315 138 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-37996 6.65 0.133 282 1.51e-05 0.924 0.203 0.805 6.57 0.0366 2030 274 1750 987 2230 0.00326 139 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-58317 7.01 0.135 287 1.52e-05 0.943 0.227 0.872 6.89 0.0368 2220 281 1940 1010 2300 0.00351 139 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20651 5.61 0.133 282 1.48e-05 0.923 0.205 0.828 5.84 0.0367 2080 273 1800 1000 2140 0.00297 139 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-58451 6.01 0.133 282 1.5e-05 0.922 0.198 0.803 6.11 0.0368 2010 273 1740 994 2160 0.00305 140 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-51501 7.29 0.136 289 1.54e-05 0.951 0.229 0.878 7.07 0.0371 2240 283 1950 1010 2260 0.0036 140 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-39771 7.22 0.135 286 1.54e-05 0.937 0.208 0.817 6.96 0.0371 2060 278 1780 999 2190 0.00345 140 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-39560 5.49 0.134 283 1.49e-05 0.922 0.195 0.802 5.74 0.037 2000 272 1730 1000 2130 0.00287 140 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-85786 5.35 0.134 283 1.49e-05 0.921 0.193 0.801 5.61 0.0371 1990 271 1720 1000 2010 0.00281 141 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-31904 5.36 0.135 286 1.49e-05 0.936 0.213 0.864 5.66 0.0373 2170 276 1890 1020 2030 0.00294 141 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-83898 6.34 0.135 287 1.52e-05 0.936 0.202 0.814 6.34 0.0374 2040 277 1760 1010 2140 0.00316 141 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20689 5.92 0.135 286 1.51e-05 0.931 0.197 0.81 6.01 0.0374 2020 274 1740 1010 2000 0.00301 142 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-93003 6.4 0.137 290 1.53e-05 0.949 0.214 0.849 6.45 0.0376 2140 281 1860 1020 2250 0.00326 142 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-27901 5.45 0.135 286 1.51e-05 0.93 0.194 0.808 5.68 0.0375 2010 274 1730 1010 1980 0.00286 142 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-38450 5.78 0.136 288 1.52e-05 0.936 0.197 0.813 5.93 0.0377 2030 276 1750 1020 2050 0.00297 143 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20187 5.73 0.136 289 1.52e-05 0.944 0.207 0.845 5.91 0.0378 2110 278 1830 1030 2020 0.00301 143 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-95051 5.6 0.137 290 1.52e-05 0.947 0.208 0.847 5.87 0.0378 2120 280 1840 1030 2160 0.00298 143 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-54258 5.49 0.137 290 1.52e-05 0.948 0.207 0.847 5.79 0.0379 2120 280 1840 1030 2150 0.00295 144 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Table 27: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 4.95 0.136 288 1.51e-05 0.937 0.192 0.812 5.36 0.0379 2010 276 1730 1030 1940 0.0027 144 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 7.34 0.149 317 1.69e-05 1.03 0.238 0.938 7.2 0.0414 2350 304 2050 1130 2360 0.00368 157 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 6.06 0.143 304 1.6e-05 0.991 0.214 0.877 6.22 0.0397 2190 292 1900 1080 2140 0.00316 151 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 5.97 0.144 306 1.61e-05 1 0.214 0.877 6.17 0.0397 2200 295 1900 1080 2140 0.00313 151 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-90258 4.95 0.136 288 1.51e-05 0.937 0.192 0.812 5.36 0.0379 2010 276 1730 1030 2060 0.0027 144 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-91484 7.02 0.138 294 1.57e-05 0.96 0.209 0.833 6.84 0.0382 2090 284 1810 1030 2190 0.00341 144 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-23658 5.46 0.138 292 1.53e-05 0.951 0.206 0.85 5.74 0.0382 2120 280 1840 1040 2050 0.00293 145 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-36769 5.85 0.138 292 1.54e-05 0.953 0.201 0.825 6.04 0.0383 2060 281 1780 1030 2200 0.00302 145 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-39348 6.84 0.139 295 1.58e-05 0.963 0.208 0.836 6.73 0.0384 2100 285 1810 1030 2180 0.00335 145 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-81425 5.15 0.138 292 1.53e-05 0.949 0.195 0.821 5.52 0.0384 2040 279 1750 1040 2100 0.00278 146 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-95887 6.19 0.139 295 1.56e-05 0.959 0.202 0.831 6.23 0.0385 2070 282 1790 1040 2050 0.00313 146 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-36162 5.34 0.139 296 1.54e-05 0.966 0.216 0.886 5.68 0.0386 2220 284 1930 1060 2030 0.00296 146 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-86019 5.15 0.138 293 1.54e-05 0.951 0.194 0.823 5.48 0.0386 2040 279 1750 1040 1940 0.00277 147 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-58655 5.76 0.139 295 1.56e-05 0.96 0.2 0.831 5.94 0.0387 2070 282 1780 1050 2040 0.00298 147 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-49405 5.31 0.14 297 1.55e-05 0.97 0.216 0.89 5.64 0.0388 2220 285 1940 1060 1960 0.00295 147 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-39363 6.99 0.141 301 1.6e-05 0.983 0.22 0.877 6.85 0.0391 2210 290 1910 1060 2130 0.00347 148 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-95622 5.97 0.141 299 1.58e-05 0.978 0.214 0.87 6.17 0.039 2180 289 1890 1060 2220 0.00313 148 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-59769 6.27 0.141 299 1.59e-05 0.975 0.206 0.843 6.33 0.0391 2100 287 1810 1050 2160 0.00317 148 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-48667 6.25 0.141 300 1.59e-05 0.976 0.205 0.844 6.32 0.0392 2100 287 1810 1060 2120 0.00316 149 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-73351 6.84 0.143 305 1.61e-05 1 0.232 0.914 6.83 0.0394 2310 296 2010 1080 2320 0.0035 149 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-45399 5.43 0.141 299 1.57e-05 0.972 0.2 0.839 5.76 0.0393 2080 286 1790 1060 2140 0.00289 149 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-71993 6.7 0.144 306 1.61e-05 1 0.231 0.915 6.72 0.0396 2310 296 2010 1080 2280 0.00345 150 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-28560 7.08 0.144 307 1.63e-05 1.01 0.234 0.92 6.98 0.0397 2330 298 2030 1080 2240 0.00358 150 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-98936 6.7 0.144 307 1.62e-05 1 0.231 0.918 6.72 0.0397 2320 297 2020 1090 2230 0.00345 150 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-65318 6.01 0.143 303 1.6e-05 0.985 0.205 0.85 6.17 0.0397 2120 290 1820 1070 2160 0.0031 151 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-54649 7.34 0.145 310 1.64e-05 1.02 0.238 0.928 7.2 0.04 2350 301 2050 1090 2360 0.00368 151 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-87233 6.81 0.144 306 1.63e-05 0.999 0.213 0.862 6.77 0.0399 2160 295 1860 1070 2280 0.00338 151 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-29252 6.2 0.145 307 1.62e-05 1 0.218 0.888 6.36 0.04 2220 295 1930 1090 2230 0.00323 152 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-90118 6.31 0.145 309 1.62e-05 1.01 0.228 0.92 6.42 0.0401 2310 297 2010 1100 2120 0.00332 152 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-15523 5.96 0.144 307 1.61e-05 0.999 0.215 0.887 6.13 0.0401 2210 294 1910 1090 2050 0.00313 152 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-37792 5.42 0.145 307 1.6e-05 1 0.221 0.914 5.78 0.0402 2280 295 1990 1100 2060 0.00302 153 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-50464 5.6 0.146 309 1.61e-05 1.01 0.224 0.919 5.95 0.0403 2300 297 2000 1100 2200 0.00309 153 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-72928 7 0.146 311 1.65e-05 1.02 0.224 0.902 6.9 0.0405 2260 300 1960 1100 2180 0.0035 153 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-82392 5.14 0.144 306 1.6e-05 0.99 0.198 0.853 5.51 0.0404 2100 290 1810 1090 1970 0.0028 154 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-99368 6.47 0.147 313 1.64e-05 1.02 0.232 0.932 6.6 0.0406 2340 302 2040 1110 2280 0.00339 154 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20289 5.17 0.145 308 1.61e-05 1 0.209 0.887 5.56 0.0406 2200 293 1900 1100 1980 0.00287 154 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-81785 5.85 0.147 312 1.63e-05 1.02 0.226 0.927 6.11 0.0407 2320 300 2020 1110 2110 0.00317 154 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-54433 5.74 0.146 310 1.63e-05 1 0.204 0.865 5.96 0.0408 2140 295 1840 1100 2020 0.00301 155 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-31631 6.51 0.147 312 1.66e-05 1.02 0.211 0.874 6.54 0.0409 2170 299 1870 1100 2130 0.00328 155 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-23258 5.26 0.148 313 1.62e-05 1.02 0.223 0.926 5.72 0.0409 2310 300 2010 1120 2160 0.00298 155 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-89099 5.2 0.147 310 1.62e-05 1.01 0.202 0.865 5.62 0.041 2130 295 1840 1110 2120 0.00284 156 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-53006 6.99 0.149 316 1.68e-05 1.03 0.218 0.885 6.94 0.0412 2210 304 1900 1110 2310 0.00346 156 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-53253 7.08 0.149 316 1.69e-05 1.03 0.217 0.886 6.96 0.0413 2210 303 1900 1110 2210 0.00348 156 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20355 5.45 0.148 313 1.64e-05 1.01 0.204 0.871 5.78 0.0412 2150 297 1850 1110 2040 0.00292 157 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-70736 5.76 0.149 317 1.65e-05 1.03 0.228 0.938 6.09 0.0414 2340 304 2040 1130 2180 0.00316 157 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 28: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.17 0.149 317 1.64e-05 1.03 0.209 0.884 5.67 0.0415 2190 302 1880 1120 2060 0.00296 157 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 7.59 0.163 347 1.83e-05 1.13 0.252 1.02 7.45 0.0451 2550 334 2210 1230 2430 0.00381 171 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 6.4 0.155 330 1.74e-05 1.07 0.228 0.946 6.56 0.0433 2360 315 2040 1170 2200 0.00336 164 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 6.4 0.156 330 1.74e-05 1.07 0.228 0.936 6.56 0.0432 2340 316 2030 1170 2180 0.00335 164 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-66411 5.71 0.149 317 1.65e-05 1.03 0.227 0.938 6.02 0.0415 2340 304 2030 1130 2100 0.00314 157 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-54078 5.17 0.15 317 1.64e-05 1.03 0.224 0.935 5.67 0.0415 2330 303 2020 1140 2160 0.00296 158 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-64650 6.11 0.15 317 1.67e-05 1.03 0.211 0.884 6.29 0.0416 2190 302 1890 1120 2170 0.00316 158 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-85722 6.94 0.15 319 1.7e-05 1.04 0.217 0.892 6.85 0.0418 2220 305 1910 1120 2140 0.00344 158 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-78583 5.56 0.15 318 1.66e-05 1.03 0.216 0.911 5.89 0.0418 2260 303 1950 1130 2060 0.00303 159 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-12741 5.82 0.15 318 1.67e-05 1.03 0.209 0.885 6.07 0.0419 2190 302 1880 1130 2110 0.00306 159 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-83864 7.25 0.153 325 1.72e-05 1.06 0.243 0.963 7.2 0.0421 2430 314 2110 1150 2370 0.00369 159 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-99809 7.45 0.153 325 1.73e-05 1.06 0.233 0.935 7.29 0.0422 2350 313 2030 1140 2310 0.00369 160 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-47442 6.62 0.152 324 1.71e-05 1.06 0.236 0.958 6.7 0.0422 2400 311 2090 1150 2160 0.00346 160 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-46396 6.1 0.152 323 1.69e-05 1.05 0.223 0.925 6.34 0.0423 2300 309 1990 1150 2250 0.00324 160 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-15392 6.66 0.153 325 1.71e-05 1.06 0.228 0.932 6.73 0.0424 2330 311 2010 1150 2250 0.00342 161 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-86135 5.96 0.152 322 1.7e-05 1.04 0.211 0.895 6.19 0.0424 2210 306 1900 1140 2140 0.00312 161 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-64613 7.53 0.154 329 1.75e-05 1.07 0.244 0.973 7.36 0.0427 2450 317 2130 1160 2230 0.00378 161 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-66822 6.59 0.153 326 1.72e-05 1.06 0.227 0.935 6.68 0.0426 2330 312 2020 1150 2220 0.00341 162 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-99296 6.27 0.153 324 1.71e-05 1.05 0.213 0.901 6.38 0.0427 2230 308 1920 1150 2080 0.00323 162 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-44028 6.62 0.154 326 1.73e-05 1.06 0.218 0.907 6.69 0.0428 2250 311 1940 1150 2240 0.00336 162 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-94578 6.56 0.154 329 1.73e-05 1.07 0.237 0.969 6.66 0.0429 2420 315 2100 1170 2140 0.00345 163 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-27702 7.01 0.156 331 1.75e-05 1.08 0.243 0.977 7.05 0.043 2450 319 2130 1170 2360 0.00362 163 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-89950 5.4 0.154 327 1.7e-05 1.06 0.228 0.96 5.82 0.043 2380 312 2070 1170 2060 0.00306 163 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-82657 5.35 0.154 326 1.7e-05 1.06 0.218 0.931 5.79 0.043 2300 310 1990 1170 2100 0.00299 164 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-77980 6.38 0.155 328 1.74e-05 1.06 0.216 0.911 6.5 0.0432 2250 312 1940 1160 2130 0.00328 164 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-61117 6.03 0.155 328 1.73e-05 1.07 0.215 0.91 6.28 0.0432 2250 313 1930 1160 2230 0.00317 164 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-77654 6.2 0.156 332 1.74e-05 1.08 0.235 0.974 6.4 0.0434 2430 316 2110 1180 2090 0.00334 165 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-99665 5.29 0.156 330 1.71e-05 1.07 0.229 0.967 5.79 0.0434 2400 315 2080 1190 2160 0.00304 165 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-30742 5.69 0.156 332 1.73e-05 1.08 0.232 0.972 6.07 0.0435 2420 316 2100 1190 2140 0.00317 165 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-97448 7.08 0.157 333 1.77e-05 1.08 0.224 0.926 7.03 0.0437 2300 318 1980 1170 2260 0.00353 166 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-27345 6.4 0.157 335 1.75e-05 1.09 0.238 0.982 6.59 0.0437 2450 320 2130 1190 2190 0.00342 166 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-86179 7.05 0.158 337 1.78e-05 1.1 0.243 0.99 7.05 0.0439 2480 323 2150 1190 2210 0.00364 166 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-37960 5.88 0.158 335 1.74e-05 1.09 0.234 0.98 6.21 0.0439 2440 319 2120 1200 2160 0.00324 167 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-31748 5.57 0.158 334 1.74e-05 1.09 0.232 0.978 5.99 0.0439 2430 319 2110 1200 2150 0.00314 167 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-22736 6.89 0.158 336 1.78e-05 1.09 0.223 0.931 6.9 0.0441 2310 320 1980 1180 2220 0.00347 167 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-38675 7.32 0.159 339 1.8e-05 1.1 0.236 0.967 7.23 0.0442 2410 324 2090 1200 2240 0.00368 168 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-19105 6.39 0.158 335 1.77e-05 1.09 0.218 0.928 6.51 0.0442 2290 318 1970 1190 2100 0.00329 168 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-91407 6.89 0.159 338 1.79e-05 1.1 0.224 0.935 6.92 0.0443 2320 322 1990 1190 2250 0.00348 168 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-10719 5.7 0.158 335 1.76e-05 1.09 0.215 0.925 6.07 0.0443 2280 318 1960 1190 2190 0.00307 168 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-55051 6.51 0.16 340 1.78e-05 1.11 0.241 0.995 6.67 0.0445 2480 325 2150 1210 2170 0.00347 169 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-88975 6.33 0.159 338 1.78e-05 1.1 0.22 0.934 6.52 0.0445 2310 321 1980 1200 2220 0.00329 169 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-14459 5.86 0.16 340 1.77e-05 1.1 0.236 0.992 6.21 0.0446 2460 324 2140 1220 2140 0.00325 169 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-72649 7.16 0.161 343 1.81e-05 1.12 0.238 0.976 7.17 0.0448 2440 328 2100 1210 2340 0.00364 170 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-46962 7.59 0.161 343 1.83e-05 1.12 0.232 0.951 7.45 0.0449 2370 328 2040 1200 2370 0.00373 170 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-27051 6.58 0.162 344 1.8e-05 1.12 0.243 1 6.76 0.0449 2500 329 2170 1220 2270 0.0035 170 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-95248 7.45 0.163 347 1.83e-05 1.13 0.252 1.02 7.43 0.0451 2550 334 2210 1230 2430 0.00381 171 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 29: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 5.48 0.161 339 1.78e-05 1.1 0.215 0.934 5.91 0.0449 2290 321 1970 1210 2050 0.00301 171 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 8 0.173 369 1.96e-05 1.2 0.259 1.07 7.81 0.0485 2660 351 2300 1320 2430 0.00392 184 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 6.61 0.168 356 1.87e-05 1.15 0.237 1 6.79 0.0468 2480 338 2140 1270 2250 0.00348 178 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 6.48 0.168 356 1.87e-05 1.16 0.238 1 6.68 0.0468 2460 338 2120 1270 2250 0.00342 178 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96271 5.48 0.161 339 1.78e-05 1.1 0.215 0.934 5.91 0.0449 2290 321 1970 1210 2180 0.00301 171 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-12978 5.91 0.162 344 1.79e-05 1.12 0.239 1 6.3 0.0451 2490 328 2160 1230 2280 0.00328 171 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-66421 6.48 0.162 345 1.81e-05 1.12 0.233 0.978 6.67 0.0452 2430 328 2090 1220 2250 0.00342 172 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-84306 7 0.163 348 1.83e-05 1.13 0.246 1.01 7.04 0.0454 2530 332 2200 1240 2190 0.00364 172 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-94466 5.74 0.162 342 1.8e-05 1.11 0.217 0.942 6.11 0.0453 2310 324 1990 1220 2200 0.0031 172 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-47459 5.99 0.163 345 1.81e-05 1.12 0.231 0.978 6.34 0.0454 2420 328 2090 1230 2270 0.00325 173 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-72305 5.69 0.162 343 1.8e-05 1.11 0.218 0.945 6.08 0.0455 2320 325 1990 1220 2200 0.00309 173 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-72317 5.65 0.163 344 1.8e-05 1.11 0.217 0.945 6.04 0.0456 2320 325 1990 1230 2160 0.00307 173 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-44744 7.63 0.166 353 1.87e-05 1.15 0.255 1.03 7.55 0.0459 2580 338 2240 1250 2390 0.00388 174 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-58156 7.8 0.165 351 1.87e-05 1.14 0.235 0.969 7.61 0.0459 2410 334 2070 1230 2330 0.00381 174 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-89338 6.45 0.165 349 1.84e-05 1.13 0.235 0.989 6.67 0.0459 2450 332 2110 1240 2250 0.00341 174 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-63793 6.29 0.164 348 1.83e-05 1.13 0.223 0.958 6.53 0.0459 2360 330 2030 1240 2240 0.0033 175 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-96460 5.53 0.164 348 1.81e-05 1.13 0.227 0.982 5.97 0.046 2410 329 2080 1250 2110 0.00309 175 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-11510 6.29 0.165 349 1.84e-05 1.13 0.223 0.96 6.51 0.0461 2360 330 2030 1240 2170 0.0033 175 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-56231 5.62 0.165 349 1.82e-05 1.13 0.227 0.985 6.02 0.0462 2420 329 2090 1250 2050 0.00313 176 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-34717 7.68 0.167 357 1.89e-05 1.16 0.255 1.04 7.56 0.0465 2600 341 2250 1260 2290 0.0039 176 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-31121 6.82 0.166 352 1.86e-05 1.14 0.229 0.97 6.93 0.0464 2400 335 2060 1250 2300 0.00349 176 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-78381 6.83 0.167 356 1.87e-05 1.16 0.25 1.03 6.99 0.0466 2580 340 2230 1270 2330 0.00362 177 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-16231 6.02 0.166 353 1.85e-05 1.14 0.232 0.995 6.35 0.0465 2450 334 2120 1260 2180 0.00328 177 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-69805 6.06 0.167 355 1.85e-05 1.15 0.243 1.03 6.41 0.0467 2550 337 2210 1270 2180 0.00335 177 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-54799 6.29 0.167 356 1.86e-05 1.16 0.244 1.03 6.56 0.0468 2560 338 2220 1270 2150 0.00343 178 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-94502 7.33 0.169 360 1.9e-05 1.17 0.255 1.04 7.36 0.0469 2610 344 2260 1280 2360 0.0038 178 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-81857 7.7 0.169 358 1.91e-05 1.16 0.238 0.987 7.58 0.047 2450 342 2110 1260 2400 0.0038 178 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-49293 5.88 0.168 355 1.86e-05 1.15 0.232 1 6.24 0.0469 2460 336 2120 1270 2150 0.00323 179 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-30691 6.18 0.168 358 1.87e-05 1.16 0.244 1.04 6.5 0.0471 2570 340 2220 1280 2160 0.0034 179 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-89344 6.33 0.168 356 1.88e-05 1.15 0.226 0.977 6.56 0.0471 2400 336 2060 1270 2180 0.00333 179 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-22809 7.65 0.17 362 1.92e-05 1.18 0.249 1.02 7.59 0.0474 2550 346 2200 1280 2430 0.00386 180 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-32165 7.33 0.17 360 1.91e-05 1.17 0.236 0.991 7.32 0.0474 2450 342 2100 1270 2350 0.00368 180 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-24149 6.82 0.17 361 1.9e-05 1.17 0.242 1.02 6.97 0.0475 2520 343 2170 1280 2300 0.00357 180 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-84264 6.67 0.169 360 1.9e-05 1.16 0.229 0.985 6.8 0.0475 2420 339 2080 1280 2150 0.00345 181 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-16661 7.87 0.171 363 1.94e-05 1.18 0.239 0.999 7.67 0.0477 2470 345 2130 1280 2280 0.00386 181 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-22617 7.32 0.171 364 1.93e-05 1.18 0.246 1.03 7.35 0.0477 2550 347 2200 1290 2350 0.00375 181 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-22150 6.85 0.171 365 1.91e-05 1.18 0.251 1.05 6.99 0.0478 2620 346 2270 1300 2220 0.00364 182 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-65854 7.39 0.172 364 1.93e-05 1.18 0.238 1 7.39 0.0479 2470 346 2120 1290 2390 0.00371 182 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-82952 7.01 0.172 365 1.93e-05 1.18 0.244 1.03 7.12 0.048 2550 347 2200 1300 2330 0.00364 182 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-29202 7.61 0.173 369 1.95e-05 1.2 0.259 1.07 7.56 0.0481 2660 351 2300 1310 2320 0.00391 182 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-74071 8 0.173 367 1.96e-05 1.19 0.243 1.01 7.81 0.0482 2500 349 2150 1290 2390 0.00392 183 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-13168 6.48 0.171 364 1.92e-05 1.18 0.229 0.995 6.68 0.0481 2440 343 2090 1290 2150 0.0034 183 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-52661 6.47 0.172 366 1.92e-05 1.18 0.24 1.03 6.71 0.0483 2530 346 2180 1310 2190 0.00346 183 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-41587 5.91 0.172 364 1.91e-05 1.18 0.227 0.994 6.32 0.0483 2430 343 2090 1300 2280 0.00322 184 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-20910 6.01 0.173 366 1.91e-05 1.19 0.238 1.03 6.43 0.0484 2530 347 2180 1310 2310 0.00331 184 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-48206 5.59 0.173 367 1.9e-05 1.19 0.244 1.05 6.11 0.0485 2600 347 2250 1320 2170 0.00322 184 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

Mix designs: >60MPa

Table 30: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: >60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP GWP ODP PCOP ADPe ADPf LFW LFHW TPE RE NRE WDP NRR RR CBWC CWWC CHW CNHW
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg NOx-Eq kg Sbeq kg Sbeq kg waste kg waste MJ-Eq MJ-Eq MJ-Eq m3 kg kg m3 m3 kg kg
Minimum 6.26 0.173 367 1.94e-05 1.19 0.231 1 6.61 0.0486 2460 346 2110 1310 2190 0.00338 185 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Maximum 8 0.177 375 2e-05 1.22 0.256 1.07 7.85 0.0494 2660 357 2310 1340 2480 0.00394 188 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mean 7.06 0.175 372 1.97e-05 1.21 0.243 1.03 7.17 0.0491 2550 353 2190 1320 2310 0.00365 186 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Median 6.89 0.176 373 1.97e-05 1.21 0.244 1.02 7.06 0.0491 2530 354 2170 1330 2290 0.00367 186 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-26676 6.6 0.173 367 1.94e-05 1.19 0.231 1 6.78 0.0486 2460 346 2110 1310 2190 0.00345 185 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-68149 7.61 0.174 371 1.97e-05 1.2 0.24 1.01 7.52 0.0488 2500 351 2150 1310 2290 0.00379 185 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-65646 6.83 0.175 372 1.95e-05 1.21 0.256 1.07 7.06 0.0488 2660 354 2310 1330 2400 0.00367 185 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-27437 8 0.175 373 1.99e-05 1.21 0.244 1.02 7.83 0.049 2530 354 2170 1310 2360 0.00394 186 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-78836 7.61 0.176 373 1.98e-05 1.21 0.243 1.02 7.59 0.049 2520 354 2170 1310 2460 0.00382 186 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-88723 7.19 0.176 373 1.97e-05 1.21 0.248 1.05 7.28 0.0491 2590 354 2240 1330 2320 0.00372 186 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-58266 7.97 0.177 375 2e-05 1.22 0.246 1.03 7.85 0.0492 2540 357 2180 1320 2480 0.00394 187 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-68417 6.26 0.176 374 1.95e-05 1.21 0.251 1.07 6.61 0.0492 2650 353 2290 1340 2220 0.00347 187 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-71406 6.89 0.176 374 1.97e-05 1.21 0.246 1.05 7.05 0.0493 2590 354 2230 1330 2260 0.00362 187 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-30747 6.35 0.175 372 1.96e-05 1.2 0.231 1.01 6.62 0.0493 2480 350 2130 1330 2190 0.00338 188 0.00673 9.09e-05 0
Mix-25233 6.39 0.176 373 1.96e-05 1.2 0.233 1.02 6.68 0.0494 2490 351 2130 1330 2270 0.0034 188 0.00673 9.09e-05 0

The following pie charts provide aggregated A1-A3 breakdowns across all life cycle indicators considered for each product. First click on a desired impact category, and then a specific performance range for specific product comparisons across each category/indicator for a given performance range.

Impact breakdown plots by modules A1 to A3

environmental impact: acidification

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 13: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 14: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 15: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 16: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 17: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 18: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 19: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 20: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 21: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 22: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: eutrophication

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 23: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 24: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 25: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 26: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 27: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 28: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 29: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 30: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 31: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 32: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: global warming

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 33: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 34: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 35: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 36: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 37: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 38: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 39: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 40: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 41: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 42: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: ozone depletion

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 43: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 44: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 45: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 46: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 47: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 48: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 49: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 50: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 51: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 52: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: photochemical oxidation

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 53: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 54: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 55: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 56: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 57: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 58: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 59: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 60: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 61: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 62: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-elements

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 63: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 64: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 65: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 66: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 67: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 68: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 69: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 70: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 71: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 72: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPe), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 73: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 74: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 75: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 76: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 77: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 78: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 79: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 80: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 81: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 82: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPf), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: bulk waste

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 83: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 84: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 85: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 86: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 87: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 88: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 89: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 90: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 91: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 92: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: hazardous waste

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 93: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 94: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 95: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 96: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 97: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 98: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 99: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 100: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 101: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 102: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Total primary energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 103: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 104: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 105: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 106: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 107: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 108: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 109: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 110: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 111: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 112: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 113: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 114: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 115: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 116: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 117: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 118: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 119: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 120: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 121: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 122: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-renewable energy

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 123: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 124: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 125: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 126: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 127: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 128: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 129: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 130: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 131: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 132: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

water depletion: WDP

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 133: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 134: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 135: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 136: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 137: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 138: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 139: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 140: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 141: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 142: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 143: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 144: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 145: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 146: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 147: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 148: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 149: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 150: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 151: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 152: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 153: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 154: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa

Figure 155: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 26 to 30MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 156: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa

Figure 157: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 36 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 158: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa

Figure 159: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 46 to 50MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 160: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 161: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: >60MPa

Figure 162: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: >60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Additional Environmental Information

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site

References

ASTM Standards:

  • ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
  • ASTM A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished
  • ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
  • ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
  • ASTM A184 Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
  • ASTM A416/A416M Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
  • ASTM A555/A555M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
  • ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A666 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
  • ASTM A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A767/A767M Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A775/A775M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A820/A820M Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM A884/A884M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement
  • ASTM A934/A934M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
  • ASTM C33/C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
  • ASTM C94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
  • ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
  • ASTM C260/C260M Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C330/C330M Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
  • ASTM C494/C494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
  • ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
  • ASTM C979/C979M Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
  • ASTM C989/C989M Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
  • ASTM C1017/C1017M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
  • ASTM C1116/C1116M Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM C1157/C1157M Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
  • ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
  • ASTM C1602/C1602M Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
  • ASTM G109 Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

CSA Standards:

  • CAN/CGSB-1.40 Anticorrosive Structural Steel Alkyd Primer
  • CAN/CSA A23.1/A23.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test methods and Standard Practices for Concrete
  • CAN/CSA A23.4 Precast concrete - Materials and construction
  • CAN/CSA A3000 Cementitious Materials Compendium
  • CAN/CSA G30.18 Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement
  • CAN/CSA G40.20/G40.21 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel / Structural quality steel
  • CSA S806 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ISO Standards:

  • ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General Terms
  • ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
  • ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Type III Environmental Declarations — Principles and Procedures
  • ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework
  • ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines
  • ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
  • ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management — Vocabulary
  • ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction — Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

  • EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
  • EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations —Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

Product owner: Lafarge Canada Inc

EPD Commissioner: Lafarge Canada Inc

Program Operation: P3 Optima

3rd Party Verifier: FirstName LastName

Original Publish Date: 19 March 2020
Updated on: no updates
EPD valid until: 18 March 2025